• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 2016

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of electromyographic (EMG)-Biofeedback using closed kinetic chain exercise (EB-CKCE) on quadriceps angle (Q-angle) and quadriceps muscle activation and muscle activation ratio in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome and to provide fundamental information on rehabilitation exercise in patellofemoral pain syndrome. Methods: Thirty participants who met the criteria were included. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups: control group (Group I, n=10), semi-squat exercise group (Group II, n=10), and EMG-Biofeedback using closed kinetic chain exercise group (Group III, n=10). Intervention was provided to each group for eight weeks (three times per week; 30 minutes per day). Subjects were measured on Q-angle and quadriceps muscle activation. Results: Significant difference in Q-angle and quadriceps muscle activation was observed in groups II and III compared with control group I (p<0.01). Results of post-hoc analysis showed a significant difference in Q-angle and quadriceps muscle activation in on group III compared with groups I and II. Conclusion: Findings of this study suggest that closed kinetic chain exercise using EMG-Biofeedback that provides real-time biofeedback information on muscle contraction may have a beneficial effect on improvement of Q-angle and quadriceps muscle activation in patellofemoral pain syndrome.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

In order to select the water flooding-tolerant trees among Korean oaks, we cultivated the sapling of 6 deciduous oak species, Quercus acutissima, Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. dentata, Q. aliena and Q. serrata, under the water flooding treatment and the control, and analysed the growth difference among them. For comparing the growth between treatment and control, we measured 13 morphological and ecological traits, such as leaf Leaf number, leaf length, leaf width, leaf area, shoot length, stem length, stem diameter, root length, plant length, leaf weight, stem weight, root weight, plant weight. Q. serrata have no growth difference between water flooding treatment and control, but the rest 5 species showed the growth reduction in water flooding treatment. Tolerance of oak species to water flooding was risen in order of Quercus acutissima, Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis, Q. dentata, Q. aliena and Q. serrata. Thus, among Korean deciduous oaks, it is desirable to plant Q. serrata for flood plain restoration of river.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.247-263
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• 2023

In this article, we investigate the uniqueness problem of q-shift difference polynomial of meromorphic (entire) function with zero-order. Consequently, we prove three results with significantly generalize the results of Goutam Haldar.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.10B no.6
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• pp.587-592
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• 2003

Many real world control problems have continuous states and actions. When the state space is continuous, the reinforcement learning problems involve very large state space and suffer from memory and time for learning all individual state-action values. These problems need function approximators that reason action about new state from previously experienced states. We introduce Fuzzy Q-Map that is a function approximators for 1 - step Q-learning and is based on fuzzy clustering. Fuzzy Q-Map groups similar states and chooses an action and refers Q value according to membership degree. The centroid and Q value of winner cluster is updated using membership degree and TD(Temporal Difference) error. We applied Fuzzy Q-Map to the mountain car problem and acquired accelerated learning speed.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2020

The main purpose of this paper is to introduce Apostol type (p, q)-Frobenius-Genocchi numbers and polynomials of order α and investigate some basic identities and properties for these polynomials and numbers including addition theorems, difference equations, derivative properties, recurrence relations. We also obtain integral representations, implicit and explicit formulas and relations for these polynomials and numbers. Furthermore, we consider some relationships for Apostol type (p, q)-Frobenius-Genocchi polynomials of order α associated with (p, q)-Apostol Bernoulli polynomials, (p, q)-Apostol Euler polynomials and (p, q)-Apostol Genocchi polynomials.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.37 no.3_4
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• pp.295-305
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• 2019

In the present paper, we introduce (p, q)-Frobenius-Genocchi numbers and polynomials and investigate some basic identities and properties for these polynomials and numbers including addition theorems, difference equations, derivative properties, recurrence relations and so on. Then, we provide integral representations, implicit and explicit formulas and relations for these polynomials and numbers. We consider some relationships for (p, q)-Frobenius-Genocchi polynomials of order ${\alpha}$ associated with (p, q)-Bernoulli polynomials, (p, q)-Euler polynomials and (p, q)-Genocchi polynomials.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.1111-1126
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• 2023

In this paper, we define a new subclass of k-uniformly starlike functions of order γ (0 ≤ γ < 1) by using certain generalized q-integral operator. We explore geometric interpretation of the functions in this class by connecting it with conic domains. We also investigate q-sufficient coefficient condition, q-Fekete-Szegö inequalities, q-Bieberbach-De Branges type coefficient estimates and radius problem for functions in this class. We conclude this paper by introducing an analogous subclass of k-uniformly convex functions of order γ by using the generalized q-integral operator. We omit the results for this new class because they can be directly translated from the corresponding results of our main class.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.385-393
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• 2011

The aim of this paper is to introduce and study the sequence spaces [w, ${\theta}$, F, p, q]$_{\infty}({\Delta}_{\upsilon}^m)$, [w, ${\theta}$, F, p, q]$_1({\Delta}_{\upsilon}^m)$ and [w, ${\theta}$, F, p, q]$_0({\Delta}_{\upsilon}^m)$, which arise from the notions of generalized difference sequence space, lacunary convergence, invariant mean and a sequence of Moduli $F=(f_k)$. We establish some inclusion relations between these spaces under some conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.96-104
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• 2014

The all pass filter generates a virtual q-axis voltage component with $90^{\circ}$ phase delay but the virtual q-axis voltage cannot detect the voltage depending on the phase of the grid voltage. To overcome the problem, q-axis voltage component is generated from difference between the current and previous value of d-axis voltage component in the stationary reference frame. However, the difference voltage between the current and previous value around the zero crossing voltage is not enough to detect the voltage sag. Therefore, the new detection scheme which can detect the sag around the zero crossing voltage is proposed.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2013

Background: The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of visual feedback squat exercise on the young adults with Patellofemoral pain syndrome. Methods: The subjects of this study were 22 female and 8 male who were equally and randomly allocated to a visual feedback exercise group (VSEG), an experimental group, and squat exercise group (SEG), a control group. Both did so for 30 minutes three times per week over a six-week period. Using Dartfish, their static Q-angle (SQA) and dynamic Q-angle (DQA) were evaluated. Results: The static Q-angle was significantly reduced in both groups of VSEG and SEG and in the comparison of difference values before and after exercise between groups, VSEG had more significant effect than SEG but in the comparison of the effects of dynamic Q-angle both VSEG and SEG had significant effects and in the comparison of difference values before and after exercise between groups, VSEG had more significant effect than SEG. Conclusion: Visual feedback squat exercise may be applied as a method to correct the lower extremity alignment with PFPS.