• 대한약침학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.235-242
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• 2017

Irisin is a novel hormone like polypeptide that is cleaved and secreted by an unknown protease from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), a membrane-spanning protein and which is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, adipose tissue, and liver. Since its discovery in 2012, it has been the subject of many researches due to its potent physiological role. It is believed that understanding irisin's function may be the key to comprehend many diseases and their development. Irisin is a myokine that leads to increased energy expenditure by stimulating the 'browning' of white adipose tissue. In the first description of this hormone, increased levels of circulating irisin, which is cleaved from its precursor fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5, were associated with improved glucose homeostasis by reducing insulin resistance. Irisin is a powerful messenger, sending the signal to determine the function of specific cells, like skeletal muscle, liver, pancreas, heart, fat and the brain. The action of irisin on different targeted tissues or organs in human being has revealed its physiological functions for promoting health or executing the regulation of variety of metabolic diseases. Numerous studies focus on the association of irisin with metabolic diseases which has gained great interest as a potential new target to combat type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. Irisin is found to improve insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes by increasing sensitization of the insulin receptor in skeletal muscle and heart by improving hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, promoting pancreatic ${\beta}$ cell functions, and transforming white adipose tissue to brown adipose tissue. This review is a thoughtful attempt to summarize the current knowledge of irisin and its effective role in mediating metabolic dysfunctions in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.426-429
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• 2018

Chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL) is characterized by eosinophilia and organ damage. Imatinib is widely used for treating CEL, chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Unfortunately, the cancer cells gain resistance against the drug after prolonged molecular-targeted therapies. Imatinib-resistant EoL-1 (EoL-1-IR) cells were produced from chronic eosinophilic leukemia cells (EoL-1) after treatment with imatinib for a long duration. Two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) analysis revealed numerous protein variations in the EoL-1 and EoL-1-IR sub-types. Compared to the EoL-1 cells, expression levels of TIP49, RBBP7, ${\alpha}$-enolase, adenosine deaminase, C protein, galactokinase, eukaryotic translation initiation factor, $IFN-{\gamma}$, and human protein homologous to DROER were increased, whereas core I protein, proteasome subunit p42, heterogeneous ribonuclear particle protein, chain B, and nucleoside diphosphate were decreased in the EoL-1-IR cells. Taken together, these results contribute to understanding the pathogenic mechanism of drug-resistant diseases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.190-196
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• 2016

In this study, the Brucella abortus ohr gene coding for an organic hydroperoxide resistance protein (Ohr) was cloned into a maltose fusion protein expression system (pMAL), inserted into Escherichia coli, and purified, and its immunogenicity was evaluated by western blot analysis using Brucella-positive mouse sera. The purified recombinant Ohr (rOhr) was treated with adjuvant and injected intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice. A protective immune response analysis revealed that rOhr induced a significant increase in both the IgG1 and IgG2a titers, and IgG2a reached a higher level than IgG1 after the second and third immunizations. Additionally, immunization with rOhr induced high production of IFN-γ as well as proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF, MCP-1, IL-12p70, and IL-6, but a lesser amount of IL-10, suggesting that rOhr predominantly elicited a cell-mediated immune response. In addition, immunization with rOhr caused a significantly higher degree of protection against a virulent B. abortus infection compared with a positive control group consisting of mice immunized with maltose-binding protein. These findings showed that B. abortus rOhr was able to induce both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in mice, which suggested that this recombinant protein could be a potential vaccine candidate for animal brucellosis.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권9호
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• pp.1251-1255
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• 2006

대두단백 필름을 코팅한 라이너지의 효과를 알아보기 위하여 대두단백 $2\sim8%$의 농도 범위에서 필름을 제조하였다. 필름 제조시 친수성 소재인 대두단백의 불용화를 위하여 모든 필름은 formaldehyde로 포화된 데시케이터에서 2시간 동안 흡착하여 사용하였다. 필름의 연신강도, 연신율, 투습도 및 수분용해도를 측정한 뒤 최적 농도를 5%로 판단하였다. 필름의 제조적성을 위해 첨가된 가소제 glycerol은 대두단백 대비 40% 농도에서 필름제조에 가장 적합하였다. 앞의 조건을 이용하여 제조된 용액을 라이너지에 코팅하여 그 물성과 수분저항성을 측정하였다. Formaldehyde 처리된 대두단백 코팅 라이너지는 미처리 라이너지에 비하여 연신강도는 15 에서 21 MPa로 증가하였고, 수분용해도와 투습계수는 1.17%와 $2.06ng{\cdot}m/m^2{\cdot}s{\cdot}Pa$로 감소하여 물리적 성질과 수분저항성 모두 증진된 것을 알 수 있었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제59권5호
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• pp.231-238
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• 2016

Purpose: Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) is a 65-kDa acute phase protein, derived from the liver, which is present in high concentrations in plasma. Data regarding the association between circulating plasma LBP levels and obesity-related biomarkers in the pediatric population are scarce. We aimed to determine whether there was a difference in plasma LBP levels between overweight/obese and normal-weight adolescents and to assess the correlation of circulating LBP levels with anthropometric measures and obesity-related biomarkers, including insulin resistance, liver enzyme levels, and lipid profiles. Methods: The study included 87 adolescents aged 12-13 years; 44 were overweight/obese and 43 were of normal-weight. We assessed anthropometric and laboratory measures, including body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, insulin resistance, liver enzyme levels, and lipid profiles. Plasma LBP levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: The mean age of the participants was $12.9{\pm}0.3$ years. Circulating plasma LBP levels were significantly increased in overweight/obese participants compared with those in normal-weight participants ($7.8{\pm}1.9{\mu}g/mL$ vs. $6.0{\pm}1.6{\mu}g/mL$, P<0.001). LBP levels were significantly and positively associated with BMI, systolic blood pressure, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, fasting glucose and insulin, and insulin resistance as indicated by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (all P<0.05). In multivariate linear regression analysis, BMI and HOMA-IR were independently and positively associated with plasma LBP levels. Conclusion: LBP is an inflammatory biomarker associated with BMI and obesity-related insulin resistance in adolescents. The positive correlation between these parameters suggests a potentially relevant pathophysiological mechanism linking LBP to obesity-related insulin resistance in adolescents.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.165-171
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• 2006

ERM protein 은 23S rRNA의 $A_{2058}$에 dimethylation시킴으로써 $MLS_B$계 항생제의 부착을 저해하여 항생제의 활성을 억제하는 내생인자 단백질이다. ERM 단백질의 하나인 ErmSF의 N-말단부위(N-termimal end region, NTER)에 존재하는 1-25번째 아미노산을 함유하는 펩타이드의 활성에서의 역할을 알아보기 위해 이률 제거한 변이 단백질을 표현하는 유전자를 클로닝하고 대장균에서 수용성 단백질로 12.65 mg/L culture의 수율로 대량생산하였다. 이렇게 대량생산된 단백질의 활성을 in vivo와 in vitro에서 확인하였다. 그 결과 in vitro에서 야생형(wild type)의 단백질에 비해 15%의 활성이 감소한 것을 확인하였고 이는 제거된 펩타이드가 기질과 상호작용하여 효소의 활성에 영향을 미친다는 것을 시사하고 있다. 이렇게 감소된 효소의 활성은 생체 내(in vivo) 활성에도 적용되어 처음에는 변이 단백질을 함유하는 세포가 항생제의 작용에 의하여 성장억제를 받지만 시간의 경과와 함께 내성을 회복하여 밤샘 배양하였을 경우는 야생형 단백질을 함유한 세포와 동일한 내성 즉 항생제에 의한 성장억제지역(inhibition zone)을 전혀 나타내지 않는 것으로 밝혀졌다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.723-727
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• 2007

본 연구는 H. pylori에서 metronidazole내성에 관여하는 유전자를 발견하고 이들 유전자들의 상호 조절 기전을 밝힘으로서 위장질환의 원인균인 H. pylori를 퇴치하기 위한 기본바탕을 마련하고자 수행되었다. 우선적으로 metronidazole 내성을 조절하는 유전자인 fdxA(ferredoxin)에 의한 metronidazole 내성 조절 기전을 밝히기 위하여 다음의 연구를 수행하였다. Type I 균주인 26695균주의 fdxA 유전자에 chloramphenicol 내성 유전자를 삽입하여 결손돌연변이주를 구축하였다. fdxA의 비활성화에 의한 rdxA 및 frxA 유전자의 발현을 알아보기 위하여 2-D electrophoresis와 MALDI-TOP-MS을 이용하여 fdxA 유전자의 비활성화에 의해 over-expressed protein과 under-expressed protein을 검색하였다. 본 실험의 결과로 type I 균주인 26695에서 fdxA 유전자를 비활성화시킨 결과 frxA 유전자의 발현양이 증가함을 northern으로 확인하였으며, 또한 fdxA유전자의 downstream에 위치한 유전자들이 H. pylori의 생존에 중요한 역할은 한다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 2-D electrophoresis와 MALDI-TOP-MS을 이용하여 fdxA 유전자의 inactivation에 의해 over-expressed protein으로 nifU-like protein(HP0221), frxA(HP0642), nonheme ferritin(HP0653)와 아직 기능이 밝혀지지 않은 hypothetical protein(HP0902) 등이 발견되었다. 그리고 5'-methylthioadenosine/S-adenosylhomocysteine nucleosidase(HP0089), (3R)-hydroxymyristoyl ACP dehydratase(HP1376)과 thioredoxin(HP1458)등이 under-expressed protein으로 발견되었다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.46-61
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• 2024

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: An increasing life expectancy in society has burdened healthcare systems substantially because of the rising prevalence of age-related metabolic diseases. This study compared the effects of animal protein hydrolysate (APH) and casein on metabolic diseases using aged mice. MATERIALS/METHODS: Eight-week-old and 50-week-old C57BL/6J mice were used as the non-aged (YC group) and aged controls (NC group), respectively. The aged mice were divided randomly into 3 groups (NC, low-APH [LP], and high-APH [HP] and fed each experimental diet for 12 weeks. In the LP and HP groups, casein in the AIN-93G diet was substituted with 16 kcal% and 24 kcal% APH, respectively. The mice were sacrificed when they were 63-week-old, and plasma and hepatic lipid, white adipose tissue weight, hepatic glucose, lipid, and antioxidant enzyme activities, immunohistochemistry staining, and mRNA expression related to the glucose metabolism on liver and muscle were analyzed. RESULTS: Supplementation of APH in aging mice resulted in a significant decrease in visceral fat (epididymal, perirenal, retroperitoneal, and mesenteric fat) compared to the negative control (NC) group. The intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and area under the curve analysis revealed insulin resistance in the NC group, which was alleviated by APH supplementation. APH supplementation reduced hepatic gluconeogenesis and increased glucose utilization in the liver and muscle. Furthermore, APH supplementation improved hepatic steatosis by reducing the hepatic fatty acid and phosphatidate phosphatase activity while increasing the hepatic carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity. Furthermore, in the APH supplementation groups, the red blood cell (RBC) thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and hepatic H₂O₂ levels decreased, and the RBC glutathione, hepatic catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities increased. CONCLUSIONS: APH supplementation reduced visceral fat accumulation and alleviated obesity-related metabolic diseases, including insulin resistance and hepatic steatosis, in aged mice. Therefore, high-quality animal protein APH that reduces the molecular weight and enhances the protein digestibility-corrected amino acid score has potential as a dietary supplement for healthy aging.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.130-137
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• 2007

A disease resistance related gene, MbR7, was identified in the wild apple species, Malus baccata. The MbR7 gene has a single open reading frame (ORF) of 3,288 nucleotides potentially encoding a 1,095-amino acid protein. Its deduced amino acid sequence resembles the N protein of tobacco and the NL27 gene of potato and has several motifs characteristic of a TIR-NBS-LRR R gene subclass. Ectopic expression of MbR7 in Arabidopsis enhanced the resistance against a virulent pathogen, Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Microarray analysis confirmed the induction of defense-related gene expression in 35S::MbR7 heterologous Arabidopsis plants, indicating that the MbR7 gene likely activates a downstream resistance pathway without interaction with pathogens. Our results suggest that MbR7 can be a potential target gene in developing a new disease-resistant apple variety.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.264-268
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• 2000

A fluorescent material was accumulated in inoculated leaves showing necrotic local lesions of tobacco plants with N gene, Nicotiana tabacum cvs. Xanthi-nc NN, Samsun NN, Burley 21 and KF 114, and N. glutinosa, and Datura stramonium at the early growth stages by the inoculation of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). It was identified as a coumarin phytoalexin, scopoletin. Although the material was most prominently produced in TMV-inoculated tobacco leaves with local necrotic lesions, its accumulation was also noted in uninoculated leaves of TMV-inoculated plants. Its accumulation was somewhat greater in high resistance-induced leaves than low resistance-induced and intact leaves. Scopoletin treatment induced the expression of a pathogenesis-related protein, PR-1, prominently at the concentration of 500 or 1000 ${\mu}$g/ml. This suggests that scopoletin is a phytoalexin abundantly accumulating in N gene-containing resistant plants in response to TMV infection, and may be related to hypersensitive responses (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in the resistant tobacco plants.