• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.137-147
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• 1996

Purpose : This report is the result f retrospective analysis for children who received prophylactic cranial irradiation combined with intrathecal chemotherapy. Materials and Methods : Ninety children with ALL who had got bone marrow remission after induction chemotherapy received PCI. All but 3 children were treated with a dose of 1800 cGy as a standard regimen. While the PCI was given, all patients received intrathecal chemotherapy. Results : Nine of 90 patients experienced CNS relapse during the duration of follow-up ranged from 36 to 96 months (median 60 months). Three children experienced BM relapse prior to CNS relapse. Therefore, CNS relapse rate as the first adverse event was $6.7\%$. Median time interval of CNS relapse was 16 months from the first day of hematologic complete remission. Eighty-nine percent of patients who had CNS relapse were associated with hematologic relapse. and $78\%$ of CNS relpase occurred during maintenance chemotherapy (on-therapy relapse). The CNS RFS at 2 and 5 years are $68\%$ and $42\%$, respectively with median of 43 months. The Prognostic factors affecting CNS RFS are initial WBC count (cut-off point of 50,000/ul), FAB subtype and CALGB risk criteria. The DFS at 2 and 5 years are 61 and $39\%$, respectively with median of 34 months. The prognostic factors affecting DFS are initial WBC count (cut-off point of 50,000/ul), FAB subtype, POG and CALGB risk criteria. Conclusions : In our study, $6.7\%$ of CNS relapse rate as a first adverse event was comparable with other studies. Various risk criteria was based on age at diagnosis and initial WBC count such as POG and CALGB criteria, had prognostic significance for CNS RFS and DFS. Prospective randomized trial according to prognostic subgroup based on risk criteria and systematic study about neuropsychologic function for long term survivors, are essential to determine the most effective and least toxic form of CNS prophylaxis.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.609-617
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• 1999

Background: The aims of this study were to assess the etiologies, survival and prognostic factors of patients with chronic cor pulmonale visited Pusan National University Hospital. Methods : This study included 103 patients with chronic cor pulmonale. There were 67 men and 36 women. The diagnosis of chronic cor pulmonale was primarily based on the presence of underlying lung disorder and echocardiographic finding of enlarged or hypertrophied right ventricle. Other clinical data including patients' symptoms and signs, findings of arterial blood gas analysis, hematologic and biochemical laboratory and pulmonary function test were assessed. Results: The most common underlying lung disorder was pulmonary tuberculosis(59.2%) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease was the next(28.2%). The survival rate was 57% in one year, 45% in two years, and 34% in three years. The prognostic factors were maximal voluntary ventilation(MVV), forced vital capaoity(FVC), $FEV_1$ serum Na, vital capacity(VC), serum albumin and peak expiratory flow(PEF) in univariate analysis. And in multivariate analysis, serum albumin(p=0.0144) and VC(p=0.0078) were statistically significant. Conclusion: Pulmonary tuberculosis was the most important underlying lung disorder in chronic cor pulmonale. The survival rate was 57% in one year, 45% in two years, and 34% in three years. Serum albumin (p=0.0144) and VC(p=0.0078) were statistically significant prognostic factors.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.944-955
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• 2000

Background : In patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), several factors have been associated with a poor prognosis. These include old age, low $FEV_1$ low diffusing capacity, high alveolar-arterial oxygen pressure difference, and finally cor pulmonale. This study was done to investigate if the ECG signs suggesting cor pulmonale were independent prognostic factors in patients with COPD. Method : We analyzed ECG, pulmonary function data and arterial blood gas values in 61 patients who were admitted through the emergency department with an acute exacerbation of COPD. The ECG signs reflecting cor pulmonale were right strial overloading(RAO), right bundle branch block, right ventricular hypertrophy and low-voltage QRS. The 61 patients were divided into 2 groups ; group I with no ECG signs(n=36) and group II with one or more ECG signs(n=25) suggesting cor, pulmonale. Results : Poor, prognostic factors by univariate analysis were low $FEV_1$, $FEV_1$ % pred., VC % pred., DLco, DLco % pred., $PaO_2$ and $SaO_2$ high $PaCO_2$ presence of ECG signs reflecting cor pulmonale, presence of mental status change, use of mechanical ventilator, and long term use of glucocorticoid. A multivariate analysis indicated that age(risk ratio=1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.05-1.23), DLco % pred. (risk ratio=0,97. 95% confidence interval 0.94-0.99), $PaO_2$ (risk ratio=0.95, 95% confidence interval 0.90-0.99) and RAO(risk ratio=5.27, 95% confidence interval 1.40-19.85) were independent prognostic factors of survival. There was a significant difference in survival between the patients with and without RAO(p=0.038). The survival rates at 1, 2, and 5 years were 94.5%. 81.4%, and 50.0% in patients without RAO and 82.4%, 70.6%, and 27.5% in patients with RAO, respectively. Conclusion : These results suggest that the presence of ECG signs reflecting cor pulmonale is a predictor of survival and that RAO of these ECG signs is a significant independent predictor of survival in patients with COPD.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2000

Purpose: Our study was designed to investigate the association of MHC Class II (DR, DQ) allele with IgA nephropathy and its significance as a prognostic factor for progression to ESRD Material and Methods: 69 children with IgA nephropathy with normal renal function(serum creatinine $\leq$ 1.5mg/dL) was classified as group A and 70 patients who received renal transplantation due to IgA nephropathy were selected as group B. The HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DRB1 alleles were studied by polymerase chain reaction using sequence specific primers. We have compared the difference in alleles between these two groups and with normal control and also examined any possible effect of the MHC class II genes on the histopathological severity and prognosis of IgAN. Results: Mean age was $8.8{\pm}2.9$ years in group A and $35.0{\pm}15.5$ years in group B. Male to female ratio was 2.8:1 in group A and 2.5:1 in group B. There was a significantly higher frequency of HLA-$DQB1^*03\;and\;DQB1^*05$ in Group B. The frequency of HLA-$DQB1^*0302\;and\;^*05031$ allele had increasing tendency in Group B(P<0.05). HLA-$DRB1^*03\;and\;^*05$ were more common in Group B(P<0.05). HLA-$DRB1^*04$ allele was the most common DR alleles in both group, but there was no statistical significance. There were no significant correlation with MHC class 13 genes on the hjstopathological severity in Group A. Conclusion: In conclusion, $HLA-DQB1^*0302\;and\;HLA-DQB1^*05031 $ allele seemed to be more common in transplanted patients compared to group with normal renal function suggesting that this allele is associated with poor prognosis in IgAN. However larger studies and follow up are required to confirm this due to uncharacterized heterogeneity in etiopathogenesis of IgA nephropathy and possibly one or more than one gene may exert influence in determining susceptibility to the diseases.

• Journal of Korean Foot and Ankle Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.55-61
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• 2018

Chronic lateral ankle instability is a major complication of acute ankle sprains, which can cause discomfort in both daily and sports activity. In addition, it may result in degenerative changes to the ankle joint in the long term. An accurate diagnostic approach and successful treatment plan can be established based on a comprehensive understanding of the concept of functional and mechanical instability. The patients' history and correct physical examination would be the first and most important step. The hindfoot alignment, competence of the lateral ligaments, and proprioceptive function should be evaluated. Additional information can be gathered using standard and stress radiographs. In addition, concomitant pathologic conditions can be investigated by magnetic resonance imaging. Conservative rehabilitation composed of the range of motion, muscle strengthening, and proprioceptive exercise is the main treatment for functional instability and mechanical instability. Regarding the mechanical instability, surgical treatment can be considered for irresponsible patients after a sufficient period of rehabilitation. Anatomic repair (modified $Brostr{\ddot{o}}m$ operation) is regarded as the gold standard procedure. In cases with poor prognostic factors, an anatomical reconstruction or additional procedures can be chosen. For combined intra-articular pathologies, arthroscopic procedures should be conducted, and arthroscopic lateral ligament repair has recently been introduced. Regarding the postoperative management, early functional rehabilitation with short term immobilization is recommended.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.2187-2191
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• 2015

Background: Protrusive structures formed by migrating and invading cells are termed lamellipodia, filopodia, invadopodia and podosomes. Lamellipodia and filopodia appear on the leading edges of migrating cells and function to command the direction of the migrating cells. Invadopodia and podosomes are special F-actin-rich matrix-degrading structures that arise on the ventral surface of the cell membrane. Invadopodia are found in a variety of carcinomatous cells including squamous cell carcinoma of head and neck region whereas podosomes are found in normal highly motile cells of mesenchymal and myelomonocytic lineage. Invadopodia-associated protein markers consisted of 129 proteins belonging to different functional classes including WASP, NWASP, cortactin, Src kinase, Arp 2/3 complex, MT1-MMP and F-actin. To date, our current understanding on the role(s) of these regulators of actin dynamics in tumors of the orofacial region indicates that upregulation of these proteins promotes invasion and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma, is associated with poor/worst prognostic outcome in laryngeal cancers, contributes to the persistent growth and metastasis characteristics of salivary gland adenoid cystic carcinoma, is a significant predictor of increased cancer risk in oral mucosal premalignant lesions and enhances local invasiveness in jawbone ameloblastomas.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.440-444
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• 2015

Quality of life is the current trend and issue for the most of human diseases. In moyamoya disease (MMD), surgical revascularization has been recognized as the possible assistance to reduce the neurological insult. However, the progressive nature of the disease has been invincible so far. To improve the quality of life of MMD patients not only the protection from the neurological insult but also the maintenance or improvement of cognitive function is inevitable. For pediatric MMD patients, younger age or longer duration of disease is the key factor among the prognostic factors for bad neurological outcomes. Hence, 'the earlier, the better' is the most precious rule for treatment. Protection from neurological insult is very critical and foremost important to improve cognitive outcome. Clinicians need to know the neuropsychological profile of MMD patients for the care of whole person and make an effort to protect the patients from neurological insults to maintain or improve it.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.342-351
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine an increase in the number of younger and middle-aged people who have a stroke and the differences in their recovery experience compared with older people. Methods: The research question for this study was "What is the recovery experience of young adults and middle-aged people who suffer a stroke?". In order to answer the question, the grounded theory method was utilized. The data was collected through individual in-depth interviews of six participants, their age ranged from 36 to 45 years old. Results: After comparative analysis, the core category was "standing up for oneself with limit". The experience process were categorized into four stages: 'Facing Reality stage', 'Motivation stage', 'Desire Recovery stage', 'Self-Overcoming stage'. Conclusion: Most of the research for the recovery process was prognostic in nature and the results. This study was demonstrated certain indicators which can be useful in further research.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.209-217
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• 2004

Evaluation of dementia in patients with early symptoms of cognitive decline is clinically challenging, but the need for early, accurate diagnosis has become more crucial, since several medication for the treatment of mild to moderate Alzheimer' disease are available. Many neurodegenerative diseases produce significant brain function alteration even when structural imaging (CT or MRI) reveal no specific abnormalities. The role of PET and SPECT brain imaging in the initial assessment and differential diagnosis of dementia is beginning to evolve vapidly and growing evidence indicates that appropriate incorporation of PET into the clinical work up can improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy with respect to Alzheimer's disease, the most common cause of dementia in the geriatric population. in the fast few years, studios comparing neuropathologic examination with PET have established reliable and consistent accuracy for diagnostic evaluations using PET - accuracies substantially exceeding those of comparable studies of diagnostic value of SPECT or of both modalities assessed side by side, or of clinical evaluations done without nuclear imaging. This review deals the role of functional brain imaging techniques in the evaluation of dementias and the role of nuclear neuroimaging in the early detection and diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.4671-4673
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• 2013

Objectives: To study variation in T lymphocyte subgoups and its clinical significance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods: Levels of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+/CD8+, NK and Treg cells in peripheral blood of NSCLC cases and healthy adults were determined by flow cytometry. Results: CD3+, CD4+ and CD4+/CD8+ ratio and NK cells in NSCLCs were decreased significantly in comparison with the control group (P < 0.01), and decreased with increase in the clinical stage of NSCLC, while CD8+ cells demonstrated no significant change (P > 0.05). Treg cells were significantly more frequent than in the control group (P < 0.01), and increased with the clinical stage of NSCLC. Conclusion: The cellular immune function of the NSCLC patients is lowered. It is important to detect change of T lymphocyte subgroups by flow cytometry for the diagnosis, treatment and prognostic assessment of NSCLC patients.