• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.417-423
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• 2004

Botanical antimicrobial agent-grapefruit seed extract mixture (BAAG) have an unknown compounds which exhibit the antibiotic activities aganist microorganisms including bacteria and fungi. We have examined the effects of BAAG on the physiological function of Botrytis cinerea which was isolated from necrotic lesions of decayed fruits and vegetables such as cucumbers, grapes, tomatoes, and red peppers during storage. In the results of enzymatic activities related to the energetic metabolism there was no inhibitory effect of BAAG on the activities of several enzymes in vitro including glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase and malate dehydrogenase, while there was inhibitory effect of BAAG on the activities of hexokinase and succinate dehydrogenase. O-nitrophenyl-$\beta$-D-galactopyranoside(ONPG), the artificial substrate of $\beta$-galactosidase was hydrolyzed in the presence of BAAG, indicating that the membrane was pertubated by the BAAG. From the results we suggested that the antibiotic activity of BAAG is due to the change of membrane permeability of the cell. BAAG was fractionated and purified by silica gel and sephadex column chromatography. Among active fractions two peaks were identified as naringin and limonin when they were analyzed by by NMR and Fast atomic bombardment.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.529-533
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• 2005

The respiratory characteristics of Korean fresh ginseng were investigated from the aspect of picking season, size, and storage temperature and period to get basic data for extension of shelf-life. The respiration rate of fresh ginseng picked in March was 4.09 mL $CO_2/kg{\cdot}hr$ at $0^{\circ}C$. It was gradually increased to August, 7.88 mL $CO_2/kg{\cdot}hr$ at $0^{\circ}C$, and then decreased continuously until November. Although the rate of fresh ginseng was different by picking season, the respiration quotient showed the same level, $1.03\~1.07$. Respiration rate by size was ranged from 3.47 to 5.69 mL $CO_2/kg{\cdot}hr$ at $0^{\circ}C$, and smaller in the size was higher in the rate. $Q_{10}$ value of fresh ginseng was $2.68\~2.88$ when the temperature increased from $0^{\circ}C\;to\;10^{\circ}C$ and $1.77\~2.16$ from $10^{\circ}C\;to\;20^{\circ}C$, and it was slightly different by picking season. At the beginning of storage the respiration rate was 7.0 mL $CO_2/kg{\cdot}hr$ and it was .decreased to 3.38 mL $CO_2/kg{\cdot}hr$ after storage for 90 days at $0^{\circ}C$.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.457-465
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• 2010

We sought to develop lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) root Jeonggwa as a health food. Jeonggwa was mixed with 0-8% (w/w) Omija water extract and stored at $25^{\circ}C$ for 12 weeks. Quality characteristics during storage were investigated. The pH of Jeonggwa fell, and the acidity level rose, as increasing amounts of Omija water extract were added. The moisture content of Jeonggwa rose from 7-8% to 14-17% within 2 weeks of storage at $25^{\circ}C$, and was maintained at that level to the end of storage. Total viable bacterial cells in Jeonggwa were initially 2.4~3.2 log CFU/g, and increased in number during storage, but never exceeded 4 log CFU/g. The shelf life of Jeonggwa was extended when Omija extract was added. The lightness (L), redness (a). and yellowness (b) of Jeonggwa during storage at $25^{\circ}C$ were highest in control samples and the values fell with increasing Omija extract concentration (p<0.001). Mechanical evaluation Jeonggwa showed that various tested parameters fell during storage at $25^{\circ}C$. The hardness and strength of Jeonggwa were significantly reduced as the Omija extract concentration rose (p<0.05). In sensory evaluation tests, the acceptability of Jeonggwa was optimal when 2~4% (w/w) Omija extract was added.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.95-107
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• 2010

Biochemical research was carried out on 4 human skeletal remains from historical lime-layered tombs assigned to the Joseon Dynasty in Oknam-ri, Seocheon. The preservation of femur was evaluated by stereoscopic microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Most of specimens showed good histological preservation. The histological results proved to be a good potentiality for biochemical analysis using bio-molecules. The amelogenin gene and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) analyses revealed that three specimens perhaps have maternal consanguinity due to sharing with mtDNA haplogroup D4b1, and two specimens buried in the same tomb were a couple in Gatjaegol site. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis indicated that four deads diet were built around C3 plant as rice, barley, wheat and bean. In this study we characterized genetic and diet features from the social stratum who could make lime-layered tombs during period of the Joseon Dynasty. The results suggest that biochemical research using the human skeletal remains from the Joseon Dynasty has the great potential and reasonable value for archaeology, anthropology, and population genetics.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.117-122
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to establish an in vitro culture system for ovarian preantral follicles of B6D2F1. First, we optimized the in vitro preantral-follicle culture by culture duration, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) type, and activin A concentration. Duration of in vitro culture for 9, 11, and 13 days was sufficient for the normal development of preantral follicles to antral follicles. Formation of cumulus cell-oocyte complex (COC) was induced by treatment with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; 2.5 IU/mL) and epidermal growth factor (EGF; 5 ng/mL). In addition, metaphase II (MII) oocytes formed during this in vitro culture of preantral follicles. In vitro preantralfollicle culture for 9 days showed higher rates of growth and maturation, thus yielding a greater number of antral follicles, and there were significant differences (p < 0.05) in the number of MII oocytes (that formed from these preantral follicles via differentiation) between the 9-day culture and 11-day or 13-day culture. The follicles cultured for 9 days contained a tightly packed well-defined COC, whereas in follicles cultured for 11 days, the COC was not well defined (spreading was observed in the culture dish); the follicles cultured for 13 days disintegrated and released the oocyte. Second, we compared the growth of the preantral follicles in vitro in the presence of various FSH types. There were no significant differences in the growth and maturation rates and in differentiation into MII oocytes during in vitro culture between preantral follicles supplemented with FSH from Merck and those supplemented with FSH from Sigma. To increase the efficiency of MII oocyte formation, the preantral follicles were cultured at different activin A concentrations (0 to 200 ng/mL). The control follicles, which were not treated with activin A, showed the highest rate of differentiation into antral follicles and into MII oocytes among all the groups (0 to 200 ng/mL). Therefore, activin A (50 to 200 ng/mL) had a negative effect on oocyte maturation. Thus, in this study, we propose an in vitro system of preantral-follicle culture that can serve as a therapeutic strategy for fertility preservation of human oocytes for assisted reproductive medicine, for conservation of endangered species, and for creation of superior breeds.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.5 s.112
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• pp.43-56
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the inhabitation of wild birds at the World Cup Park and to offer the Park ecological management data. Land use md actual vegetation were examined to analyze the inhabitation of wild birds. Characteristics of bird communities were analyzed by dominance, density, diversity index and guild concept. You compare inhabitation before and after the Park was built. We classified the land use and actual vegetation into twenty-six types. Robinia pseudoacacia dominated the study area. Pyeonghwa Park and Nanji-cheon Park were simple-layer structures composed of alien woody species. The observed birds after the World Cup Park included 33 families 77 species, and 9,751 individuals. Among Wild Life types, the shrub and bush type was dominant. There were 26 species of resident birds, 20 species of summer visitors, 18 species of winter visitors, and 12 species of passage migrants. The following numbers of species and individuals were observed: in Hanul park, 38 species, 3,151 individuals; in Noul park, 45 species, 2,061 individuals; in Nanji-cheon park, 42 species, 2,742 individuals; in Pyeonghwa park, 29 species, 875 individuals; and in Maebongsan(Mt.) area, 35 species, 922 individuals. Species diversities for each area were as follows: Noul park, 2.613; Hanul park, 2,301; Nanji-cheon, 2.228; and Pyeonghwa park, 2,019; and each season: summer, 2.652; spring, 2.650: winter, 2.561; and autumn 2.176. The diversity of species increased from 1.135 in 1994 to 2.324 in 2001. We recommended that the park be differented into different ecological areas in order to encourage the appearance of wild birds at the World Cup Park. The management area was divided into three districts(conservation area, preservation and restoration area, use area). The conservation area was established to the west of a waste landfill and in the downstream area of NanJi-cheon, the preservation and restoration area was established in the midstream area of Nanji-cheon, and the use area was established in the buffer zone of Pyeonghwa Park and the Nanji pond greenspace.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.397-403
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• 2006

This experiment was conducted to examine the changes in polysaccharide concentration and morphological variation of Fomitopsis pinicola mycelium during submerged-culture in the citrus peel medium (CP). On the 12 days culture, the yields of mycelium and alcohol insoluble substance were 40.21%(w/v) and 6.94%(w/w), respectively, which were much higher than 11.29%(w/v, wet basis) and 3.17%(w/w, wet basis) obtained from YM medium. A large amount of acid soluble polysaccharides was derived from YM medium while a larger amount of alkali soluble polysaccharide was produced from CP medium. Yields of the mycelium were higher when cultured in CP medium However, there was no significant difference in formation of membranous vesicle between mycelia cultured in CP medium and YM medium. It was also observed that the formation of vacuole was closely related to the activation of the multivescular body known as cytolysome. As a result activation of mycelium and cell wall biosynthesis were more accelerated in CP medium.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.224-230
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• 1998

In order to establish proper storage conditions for ginger, the quality changes of gingers stored at three different temperatures(7$^{\circ}C$, 12$^{\circ}C$ and 20$^{\circ}C$) and three different relative humidities(75%, 85% and 95%RH) were investigated during 150 days of storage. Gingers stored at 7$^{\circ}C$ and 20$^{\circ}C$ showed rapid quality deterioration due to chilling injury and spouting respectively in any range of relative humidity. Ginger stored at 7$^{\circ}C$ was staled to show symptoms of the chilling injury such as moldiness, shrivelling, discoloration etc after 30 days of storage ; then it was deteriorated after 90 days of storage. Ginger stored at 20$^{\circ}C$ was completely lost its storage-life after 30 days of storage because of high sprouting ratio. However ginger stored at 12$^{\circ}C$, 75%RH showed better quality than ones stored at both 7$^{\circ}C$ and 20$^{\circ}C$, but it was not so good as the one at 7$^{\circ}C$, 95%RH. Consequently storage conditions of 12$^{\circ}C$, 95%RH was observed the best effecive condition for keeping rhizomes in good quality from weight loss, spouting, mouldiness and so on.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2007

Little information exists on how wash operations affect water quality, or the efficacy of sanitizers on vegetable quality and microbial reduction in fresh-cut carrot shreds. This study evaluated the efficacy of chlorine and ozone in reducing microbial loads and maintaining vegetable quality of carrot shreds. Fresh-cut carrot shreds were teated with various chlorine and ozone concentrations for differing times. The samples were then centrifuged to remove excess water, packaged in film, and stored at $5^{\circ}C$. The result indicated that varying the ozonated water wash time affected microbial growth the development of unpleasant odors, color, and the overall quality of carrot shreds. Ozonated water washing for 20 min maintained vegetable quality by inhibiting unpleasant odors, the development of whiteness, and by reducing microbial populations. A single chlorine water wash was effective and resulted in better vegetable quality when compared with two washes. Samples washed for 20 min in ozonated water, however, had better vegetable quality and smaller microbial counts compared to samples washed once in chlorine water A 20 min ozonated water wash is an attractive method for the maintenance of vegetable quality and shelf-life in fresh-cut carrot shreds.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.459-470
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine the potential use for salted Kimchi cabbage and kimchi paste by analyzing the quality characteristic of kimchi prepared with stored them. Salted Kimchi cabbages were packed with the 2% brine and kimchi paste were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks, respectively. Kimchi prepared at 0 day and kimchi prepared with stored salted Kimchi cabbage and kimchi paste every week were stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks. The salinity and titratable acidity of salted Kimchi cabbage packed with the brine was lower than control. The results of salinity, pH and moisture contents of kimchi paste did not show any significant differences during storage, however, the titratable acidity was increased. In sensory evaluation, salted Kimchi cabbage packed with the brine showed higher score in overall preference than control. Kimchi paste showed 4.9~6.1 score in overall preference during storage. The titratable acidity of kimchi prepared with stored salted Kimchi cabbage and kimchi paste was lower than control. But, the results of sensory evaluation did not show significant difference among treatments. The study suggested that the use of 2% brine is an effective way for extending shelf-life of salted Kimchi cabbage and Kimchi prepared with stored salted Kimchi cabbage and kimchi paste every week is effective to delay the fermentation but no difference in sensory evaluation.