• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.89-99
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• 2005

The golf courses more than about 200 are operating in Korea. From the golf courses, a great amount of turfgrass clippings tend to increase, steadily. Materials used in the experiment were Creeping Bentgrass(CB), Kentucky Bluegrass(KB), Korean Lawngrass(KL), rice bran and composted chicken drop. Treatments are CB, KB, and KL. The temperature during the composting of all treatments increased rapidly and reached at the highest temperature($57.9^{\circ}C$, $67.8^{\circ}C$, $74.3^{\circ}C$) within 20 days, and then stabilized to the range of $35.2{\sim}41.6^{\circ}C$ at the 30th day. The pH values of all treatments decreased on the first day. However, they were increased rapidly after three days and decreased again on 10~20 days. The pH values of all treatments at the final day were stabilized to the low alkali levels. The contents of total carbon during the period of composting tend to decrease and total nitrogen was increased for factor of reduction of volume. CEC value of all treatments during the period of composting tends to increase. The round paper chromatogram of extracted solution of KL sample was the sharpest and clearest among all treatments. The G.I. values of CB, KB, and KL in 30th day of composting were about 95.1, 77.7, and 98.7 in germination test using chinese cabbage, respectively. Conclusively, all turfgrass clippings used in this experiment were composted well, suitable as composting products standardized by KSC. The maturity of the final compost samples is best in KL, followed by CB and KB treatments. The turfgrass compost can contribute to the plant cultivation for environment-friendly farm, and the results of this study can become the basic data of turfgrass clippings compost. Further research on the mixing ratio of each material is required to produce compost of good quality.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.63-74
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to investigate the variations of physico-chemical properties during the swine manure composting, sawdust as the bulking agent was composted at different points (Top layer, Side of middle layer, Bottom layer). Air suction system with constant bottom aeration in bench scale reactors (30 L). The highest temperature was reached in the range of $58^{\circ}C$ to $62^{\circ}C$ on $3^{rd}$ day and this thermophilic phase (> $50^{\circ}C$) was continued for 3 days in all the treatment mixtures. However, the temperature was gradually decreased to room temperature at the end of 60 day composting process. Except control, the discharged ammonia ($NH_3$) was a maximum in the treatment order of Top layer>Bottom layer>Side of middle layer as 500 ppm, 162 ppm and 120 ppm, respectively, on the $4^{th}$ day and showing that Top layer point Air suction produce much more ammonia content than the other point. During the composting process, the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) was gradually increased due to the mass loss in the composting mixtures. At the same time, C/N ratio was decreased to Top layer, 13; Side of middle layer, 12 and Bottom layer, 13 at Air suction points. The significant reduction of C/N ratio in all different air suction system when manure was matured. The $NH_4-N$ to $NO_3-N$ ratio was recorded as 10.52 at the initial stage of the compost mixtures and reduced to 0.97 (Top layer), 0.70 (Side of middle layer), 3.2 (Bottom layer) because of manure decomposition. The overall results revealed that Top layer and Side of middle layer Air suction is a suitable option when compared other point for high quality composts.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.59-67
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• 2017

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effect of air suction rate (SR) during the composting process of swine manure mixed with sawdust used as a bulking agent. In the 25 L composting reactors, the suction rate (SR) was at four different treatment levels (100%, 200%, 300%, 400%), and were fixed on the based on constant aeration rate into the composting mixtures. The temperature reached to thermophilic phase within 2 days and it was maintained up to the $5^{th}$ day of the composting process in all reactors and then gradually decreased to room temperature at the end of the composting process. The moisture content (MC, %) of the initial mixtures was 64.27%, and it was reduced to 38.4, 33.08, 14.59 and 11.93 in the different suction rate of 100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, respectively in the end process. During the composting, the level of pH was increased from 6.83 to 8.67 and it gradually decreased to 7.56 in 100% and 200%(SR). At the same time, the pH values were reduced only up to 8.19 at 300%, and 8.08 at 400%(SR), showing that suction strengths of 100% and 200% were the better option for composting than those of 300% and 400%. The total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) of initial composts mixtures was 2.3% and were changed in 3.3, 3.1, 2.5, and 2.3% at the end of the composting period from the 100%-400% (SR) variations respectively. These results also indicated that 100% and 200% (SR) were more affected by the dry mass loss as $CO_2$ and water evaporation. The initial value of C/N ratio was 25.17 and were significantly reduced to 11.88, 11.97, 14.31, and 14.72 at the end of the experiment, respectively from the 100%-400% (SR) variations. These results suggest that the suction rate (SR) of 100% and 200% relative to constant air supply would be the optimal conditions to produce high-quality compost.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.312-317
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• 1985

Growth response and nutrients uptake of tobacco grown on mulched and non mulched plots were investigated during the growing period. 1. The whole growing time was about 25 days shorter and relative growth rate was faster in the mulched plot than in the non mulched plot. 2. Nitrate content of leaf in the latter stage of tobacco grown on the non mulched plot was more continuously increased compared with mulched plot. As a result in the latter stage of tobacco leaf nitrate form of nitrogen level was much higher on non mulched plot than on mulched plot. 3. Reducing sugar content in cured leaves of tobacco grown on the non mulched plot was lower that of the mulched plot. This difference in reducing sugar content was remarkable in the bottom leaves that nitrate content was highest. 4. Tobacco growing on nonmulched soil may cause to be low quality owing to increasing of nitrogen compound and decreasing of reducing sugar content in cured leaves. 5. As distributions of nitrate and potassium content in leaves at different stalk position was similar each other, nitrate and potassium ion considered to be counter ion in absorption and translocation through the tobacco plant.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.428-434
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• 2005

For the purpose to verify the grain and evaluate milling properties of Korean waxy wheat, com­parison analysis between waxy wheat lines and their respective maternal parents were performed. The waxy lines showed various grain yields of 4.76${\~}$5.79 t/ha depending on parentages, which were corresponding to $80{\~}96\%$ levels of their respective maternal parents. One thousand grain weights of waxy lines were also lighter than its respective part in its parentage by exhibiting 32.8${\~}$34.6 g compared to 32.9${\~}$45.2 g of their parents. Test weights of waxy lines and their parents were 720${\~}$798 g/l and 786${\~}$797 g/l, respectively. The proportions of the grains above 2.5 mm in width were higher in order of Keumgang, Olgeuru, Geuru, SW97134, Suwon 292, Woori, SW97105, and SW97110. Waxy lines exhibited low milling properties by showing the straight flour yields ranging from $61.8\%$ to $67.1\%$ compared with the yields of their parents ranging from $66.1\%$ to $72.5\%$; the waxy lines were significantly lower in first break flour (Bl) and first reduction flour (Rl) yields in the Buller test mill, while significantly higher in the yields of second and third reduction flour (R2 and R3) than the respective ones of their parent wheat.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.128-136
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• 2003

This study was peformed to evaluate physico-chemical and textural properties, and shelf-life effect of low-fat functional sausages(LFFS) manufactured with sodium lactate(SL), lac color and various molecular weights of chitosans(low=1.5 kDa, medium=30∼40 kDa and high=200 kDa) during storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 8 weeks. LFFS had a pH range of 6.39∼6.50, 76∼78% moisture, <2% fat, 14∼15% protein. The combination of SL and low molecular weight(MW) of chitosan improved water holding capacity(WHC), however those of SL and medium MW of chitosan reduced WHC. Vacuum purge(VP) reduced with increased MW of chitosans during refrigerated storage. The addition of chitosans reduced the lightness and yellowness, but increased the redness values, which was comparable to the sodium nitrite concentration between 75 and 150 ppm. LFFS containing SL and medium MW of chitosan increased most texture profile analysis(TPA) values, as compared to controls with 75 and 150 ppm. The addition of SL in LFFS retarded the microbial growth for Listeria monocytogenes, however no synergistic effect with the addition of chitosans were observed. E coli O157:H7 and Salmonella typhimurium reduced during refrigerated storage, regardless of SL and chitosan treatments. Increased storage time increased values for VP, yellowness and textural properties. These results indicated that the combination of SL and various MW of chitosans affected the functional and textural properties, and inhibited the microbial growth for LM effectively. In addition, 0.5% lac color as a replacer for sodium nitrite improved the color development, resulting in similar hunter color values, which was comparable to the sodium nitrite concentration between 75 and 150 ppm.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.239-251
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• 2011

To compare the different water environments in the Jigsaw stream (st. 1, 2) and Jujin stream (st. 3, 4) crossing over the Byeonsan-Bando and Seonunsan parklands, the physico-chemical factors and the species compositions of epilithic diatoms were analyzed from March 2009 to February 2010. The mean values of conductivity (681.1 ${\mu}S\;cm^{-1}$), suspended solids (27.83 mg $L^{-1}$), biological oxygen demand (3.15 mg $L^{-1}$), total nitrogen (3.24 mg $L^{-1}$), total phosphorus (0.24 mg $L^{-1}$) and chlorophyll-${\alpha}$ (12.99 mg $m^{-3}$ ) in Jujin stream were significantly higher than each element in Jigsaw stream. Eighty taxa were classified into 73 species and seven varieties belonging to 24 genera, eight families, three suborders and two orders in Jigsaw stream. Eighty eight taxa were classified into 81 species and seven varieties belonging to 22 genera, seven families, three suborders and two orders in Jujin stream. Biological water quality assessments revealed that Jigsaw stream was ${\beta}$~${\alpha}$-oligosaprobic and Jujin stream was ${\beta}$-mesosaprobic. Dominant and diversity indices were indicated from 0.25~0.81 and from 1.73~4.14 in Jigsaw stream, respectively, and from 0.29~0.64 and from 2.72~4.02 in Jujin stream, respectively. Jujin stream was more eutrophic than those of Jigsaw stream. The different water environments between the two streams could be due to the different ecosystems of the neighboring basins of each stream crossing over in the mountain. Further studies should investigate the water environments of two streams by continuous and regular monitoring to analyze the different ecosystem mechanisms.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.237-243
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• 2007

The objective of this experiment was to investigate the feeding influence of Prunus memu by-products (PMB) on productivity, blood composition, meat quality and intestinal microflora in semi-broiler chicks. Four hundred one day old chicks(Hanhyup 3) were raised in the floor pen with five treatments(0, 0.5, 1.0 2.0 3.0%) of four replicate for ten weeks. Basal diets contained 3,000, 3,100, 3,100, 3,200 kcal/kg ME and 22, 21, 19, 17% CP, respectively. There were no different performance for the first two weeks, but showed significantly different weight gain, feed intake in PMB 2.0, 3.0% addition treatments compared with control from three to five weeks of age. Weight gain of birds fed 2.0% PMB was significantly higher from nine to 10 weeks of age than control(P<0.05). Total weight gain tended to increase in PMB 1.0, 2.0, 3.0% addition treatments. Feed intake also showed increase in PMB 2.0, 3.0% addition treatments, but there were no different feed conversion. Total protein, albumin, cholesterol, neutral fat, glucose was significantly decreased in PMB 0.5% addition treatments compared with control. There were no different physico-chemical characteristics in breast meat. The number of yeast was significantly improved in PMB 3.0% compared with control(P<0.05), but found no difference in number of E. coli between control and PMB treatments. ND titer of birds fed PMB was not statistically different, but tended to decrease as dietary PMB increased. As the result of this experiment, PMB would be available as a feed additives in semi-broiler chicks.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2008

The seasoned pork loin manufactured using with seasoning sauce that were prepared with 3 different composites of medicinal plant extracts ($T-1{\sim}3$). The the quality characteristics were investigated during storage at $4^{\circ}C$ for 15 days. Sensory evaluation was higher in medicinal plant extracts added seasoning pork, in particular, significantly highest in group T-1. Lightness ($L^*$) value tended to decrease with increasing storage days, redness ($a^*$) was significantly higher in the medicinal plant composites added groups (T-1, 2 and 3) than control, yellowness ($b^*$) had no significant difference among three groups added medicinal paint composites. In hardness test, raw pork (control) was lower than seasoned pork groups, but tended to increase by added medicinal plant composites. Cooking loss increased with increasing storage period, but there was no significant difference between the seasoned pork groups ($T-0{\sim}3$). The changes of pH showed lower in control than seasoned pork groups ($T-0{\sim}3$) added seasoning sauce. Moisture content decreased with increasing storage period. VBN content increased during storage. After storage for 15 days, it was significantly higher in the order of T-3 >> T-0 > T-2 > T-1.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.346-354
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• 2011

This study was carried out to fortify the antimicrobial activity of yoghurt by adding liquorice extract to it. The liquorice extracts (1 mg/mL) showed relatively high antibacterial activity against H. pylori KCCM 40449 (p < 0.05). The solvent liquorice extracts of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) against H. pylori KCCM 40449 were 25- 100 ${\mu}g$/mL. Lactobacillus amylovorus DU-21 with high EPS production ability were inoulated to milk after the addition of different amounts of liquorice extracts (0.0%, 0.05%, 0.1% and 0.2%). The physico-chemical characteristics of yoghurts added with liquorice extracts were examined. The initial pH, titratable acidity, viscosity and viable cell counts of the yoghurt added liquorice extracts were 3.41-3.51, 1.021-1.091%, 1,686-1,930 cp and 9.41-9.38 Log CFU/mL, respectively. The viscosity and syneresis of yoghurt were better than that of the control. Antimicrobial activity against H. pylori KCCM 40449 increased with increasing addition of liquorice extract. However, the sensory score of yoghurt added with different amounts of liquorice extracts was lower than that of the control (p < 0.05). As a result of the sensory evaluations, the flavor, taste, texture, color and overall acceptability of the yoghurt with 0.05% liquorice extract were found to be much better than those of the other groups (p < 0.05). Overall, the optimal amount of liquorice extract added in the manufacture of yoghurt was 0.05% of the total weight. Further studies on increment of antimicrobial activity and palatability of liquorice extract added yoghurt are necessary.