• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.739-753
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• 2016

This study was performed to identify the tendency and benefits of outdoor recreation in rural areas. The preferences and importance of the benefits of outdoor recreation activities in rural areas were simultaneously compared and analyzed through the discussion of a four quadrants portfolio map using importance-performance analysis. The social benefits in quadrant i had the characteristics of 'sharing nice experiences with others', 'having contact/interchange with others', 'colleagueship/helping each other', 'being together with friends', and 'making new friends.' These social benefit types were perceived as very important characteristics, but the real level of achievement was rather low. Thus it seems necessary, in the process of program development, to apply the social benefit types to the characteristics of the participants. The experience of nature and relaxation benefits in quadrant ii had the characteristics of 'relaxation and recreation', 'understanding nature', 'nature experience', 'getting away from everyday life', and 'experiencing new things.' These benefits and experience of nature were regarded as very important characteristics by the participants in outdoor recreation and, at the same time, their real achievements were highly recognized, thus they seemed to be proper types for the goals involved in developing an outdoor recreation activity program in rural areas. The personal and challenge benefits in quadrant iv had the characteristics of 'training of mental ability', 'improvement of self-esteem', 'fitness', 'increase in determination', 'possible danger', 'achievement', 'excitement', and 'adventure.' These benefits had less importance to the participants, but had relatively high achievement, thus it might be important to make further suggestions for the direction of development according to the participants' tendency, seasons and facilities.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.46-58
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• 2017

Objectives: Particulate matter (PM) at construction sites mostly originates from either construction activities or the atmospheric environment. This study was conducted to evaluate the exposure level to PM and the contribution ratio of atmosphere sources at construction sites. Methods: We reviewed literature and governmental systems related to PM exposure in occupational settings and summarized them. In the field evaluation, five construction sites and one golf course were selected: two from Gyeonggi-do Province and four from North Gyeongsang-do Province. For each site, personal samples from outdoor construction workers and area samples from the outdoor area around the construction site office were collected according to construction work types. PM concentrations reported from nearby National Ambient Air Monitoring Stations were recorded. Respirable dust concentrations, respirable silica concentrations, and several metal concentrations including Cd, Cr, Pb, and As were monitored over four months. In the end we suggested how to manage particulate matter exposure at construction sites. Results: There was little literature reporting on exposure levels of construction workers to PM. Respirable dust concentrations measured in Gyeonggi-do Province were higher than those measured in North Gyeongsang-do Province. The geometric means of respirable dust concentrations in personal samples and area samples were $37.89{\mu}g/m^3$ and $92.86{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. The respirable dust concentrations were higher than the PM concentrations reported from nearby National Ambient Air Monitoring Station. The geometric means of respirable silica concentrations of personal samples and area samples were $1.3{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1.1{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. All metal concentrations were lower than 10% of individual Korean occupational exposure limits. Conclusions: Assuming that personal samples consisted of ambient PM and dust originating from work activities and area samples only collected ambient PM, we concluded that the dust exposure of outdoor construction workers originated 40.8% from the atmosphere and 59.2% from construction activities. PM exposure at construction sites should be controlled by employers, as in the case of outdoor heat stress. The Korean government needs to consider setting an occupational exposure limit for respirable dust.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.315-329
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine clothing purchase behavior of sports participants based on outdoor sports types and sports participation motivation. The research was conducted with the use of a self-administered questionnaire. A total of 703 respondents between the ages of 25 and 55 participated in the research through an internet survey. Motivation for participation in particular sports was comprised of four factors: impress others, mental rejuvenation, social interaction, and health maintenance/improvement. Perceived benefits of clothing choice were categorized into three factors: brand/fashion pursuit, positive image pursuit, and practicality pursuit. Outdoor sports activities was categorized into six types, climbing, jogging, cycling, fishing, golf, and others including ball games. Each sports group presented differences in demographics, sports motivation factors, and benefit factors. Four segments were identified based on sports participation motivation: active group, social group, health and revitalization group, and inactive group. The active group considered three clothing benefits and 14 evaluative criteria as being the most important among the four segments, indicating the major target market for outdoor sportswear brands. On the other hand, the members of inactive group showed passive attitudes toward clothing purchasing behaviors. This study discusses the results of this research within the context of the managerial implication for outdoor sports marketers.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

Outdoor spaces are used for recreation, rest area, and night activities of residents. By these tendency, outdoor space is recognized as a very important space in residental areas. However, outdoor space is frequently used at night but lighting plan for these spaces is not suited for the selection of luminairce, arrangement of luminaires and planing of illuminance. From this point of view, this paper investigated the essence of light in outdoor space, analyzed different outdoor luminous environment and performed simulations. This paper finally suggested recommended level of illuminance and lighting plan of such spaces.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 2020

It is a trend to pursue the reinforcement of child-centered, play-oriented ecological education programs that support children's development. Most of these nature friendly and eco education is done in the outdoor space. So outdoor activities in child care facilities are essential. The purpose of this study was to analyze the actual condition of the outdoor space for ecological child education in the child care center. Therefore, in order to provide the basic data for the direction of the improvement and to grasp the current situation and problems, the survey and analysis of the external space composition and utilization status in the child care facilities for nature-friendly ecological child care education has been done. As a result, the half of the cases did not reserve even the minimum size of outdoor space and fall short of the standards of outdoor space quality as accessibility, complexity, articulation and nature friendliness for ecological education. Therefore, in order to establish an ecological education environment, it is necessary to build facilities in natural green or suburban areas. In addition, they need to use the natural environment such as parks, open spaces, and forests.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.113-124
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• 2002

This study has been performed to explore conveniences and inconveniences of daily lives in rural residential care facilities among the elderly residents. In this study, five males and seven females aged 68 to 78 were asked about socio-familial and physical aspects of their daily lives in the facilities such as meals, social activities, family visits, recreation, and health care. The answers of the qualitative interview were drawn as follow; first, the residents perceived well planned regular meals and snacks, free visits of friends, regularly supervised daily sanitary activities, periodic outdoor activities, education programs provided by religious experts, and pastoral farming lives as most convenient aspects of the retirement facilities. In addition, some felt that facility life made them free of familial conflicts, while others appealed fear of being forgotten because of distant location. On the other hand, they perceived the supervised group activities and meals as major inconveniences. They also felt persistently depressed when closely observing serious illness or deaths of their co-residents. Therefore in this study, suggestions were made as follows: first, combination of normal family life and retirement facility should be developed in the mixed form of community welfare center and shared home. Second, intensive medical care facilities should be in collaboration with the retirement facilities, so that the residents are relieved from stressful contacts with extremely ill patients in the residential area.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.467-474
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• 2017

The objective of this study is to analyze teachers' experience in the operation of outdoor play in an early childhood educational institute. For this purpose, the experience obtained in planning/operating the outdoor play in early childhood educational institutes, as well as the difficulties experienced in their operational process, were examined. The data was collected through interviews with eight early childhood teachers. In the results of the study, first, the teachers' perception of outdoor play was analyzed. The teachers considered outdoor play as meaningful in that the children could develop gross/fine-motor skills, have the chance to develop their sociality, relieve their stress, and also commune with nature through outdoor play. Second, regarding the plan/operation of the outdoor play activities, even though they aimed to provide the children with meaningful outdoor play activities through various materials and methods, most of the teachers could not put their original plans into practice, because of the numerous variables in the actual site. The teachers' difficulties included insufficient time, spatial limitations, and insufficient qualifications for play instruction.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.45-57
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• 2013

This study explores the types of daily routines in child care centers based on the time planned for indoor free choice activities, outdoor activities, group activities and nap/rest. The daily routine plans of 63 classes of 0 to 2-year-olds and 51 classes of 3 to 5-year-olds were cluster analyzed. Also, openness and closeness of child care programs as well as the most participated indoor/outdoor activities were examined using questionnaires developed for teachers. The results were as follows: First, teachers planned the most time for free play choice activity and comparatively less time for outdoor play during the day. Time for rest and naps were planned more for 0-2 year-olds whereas group activities were planned more for the 3-5 year-olds. Second, 3 daily routine types were found in the daily plans of child care centers, such as "Low-Activity Oriented," "Free Choice Activity Oriented" and "Group Activity Oriented" in 0 to 2-year-old classes and 3 to 5-year-old classes. Also, "Group Activity Oriented" type in 0 to 2-year-old classes showed more "closed" child care programs than the "Free Choice Activity Oriented" type. However, no difference was shown among the 3 types of daily routines in the openness and closeness of 3 to 5-year-old child care programs. Finally, all children, regardless of the types of daily routine, participated most in block activity and role play indoors and fixed-play equipment, sand play and free play outdoors.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.185-210
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• 2013

The purpose of the study was to observe and categorize daily routines of infant classes in daycare centers based on quantity of indoor and outdoor free play, group activities and nap/rest and explore differences in infants' play and teacher's behavior according to daily routine types. A team of trained observer observed daily routines and teacher's behavior of 26 infant classes from 7 daycare centers for two days and teachers evaluated 164 infants' playfulness. As a result daily routines of infant classes were categorized into two types: "Indoor & Outdoor Free Play Oriented" and "Group Activities & Rest Oriented". Infants' playfulness of "Indoor & Outdoor Free Play Oriented" groups were higher than that of "Group Activities & Rest Oriented" groups. Teachers from "Indoor & Outdoor Free Play Oriented" groups were found to have more experiences in the field and also they showed more positive and neutral guidance than the others.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.203-214
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• 2010

This study will examine the current condition of outdoor play in child care centers and the overall perception of teachers on outdoor play in regards to its related programs and children's reaction to them. Through examining such issues, this study will provide the basic data that can be applied in planning appropriate outdoor play activities, programs and environments. For the study, we surveyed teachers and directors of child care centers using a structured questionnaire. The objects of the survey were 22 child care centers in Daejeon and Seoul, who agreed to conduct the survey. The survey was conducted from August 1 to September 30 2006; 220 copies were distributed, and 188 copies were collected. The results of the study can be summarized as follows: 1) The number of outdoor plays per week were on average 1~2 in most cases, although teachers believed the play should be done everyday. Outdoor play time was mostly 21~30 minutes, while teachers thought 31~40 minutes as appropriate. Children's reaction scored the highest when they played outdoors for 30 minutes every day with their teachers involved in the play. As a result, we have concluded that the appropriate outdoor play should be conducted everyday for 30~40 minutes. 2) Outdoor play was mostly conducted as part of the overall educational plan rather than a separate plan. Since outdoor play affects children's development as much as indoor play, there is a need for development of a specific and separate plan for various outdoor play programs. 3) The outdoor play program that was most often conducted was equipment play and sand play. This indicated the monolithic nature of the outdoor program. Given the fact that children enjoy outdoor plays a lot (M=4.71), various programs including adventure play, sensitive play, and carpenter play should be developed. 4) In outdoor play, the teacher's role included supervising and interacting with children. According to the survey, teachers had a good understanding of the importance on safety and supervising issues in outdoor plays. However they seemed to overlook the importance of having better programs and improving teacher's participation to the play. Despite the importance of outdoor play to children's development, the result shows that teachers have tendencies to limit and obstruct outdoor plays by emphasizing supervising and safety issues instead. 5) Children's safety should not be the only consideration for outdoor plays; teachers ought to better understand that children's development can be maximized by the play. Furthermore, there should be emphasis placed on the program development and teacher's participation; teacher's participation should actively encourage the interactions between a child and a teacher, as well as among children.