• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2018

Process modeling with activated sludge models (ASMs) is useful for the design and operational improvement of biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes. Effective utilization of ASMs requires the influent fraction analysis (IFA) of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). However, this is difficult due to the time and cost involved in the design and operation steps, thereby declining the simulation reliability. Harmony Search (HS) algorithm was utilized herein to determine the relationships between composite variables and state variables of the model IWA ASM1. Influent fraction analysis was used in estimating fractions of the state variables of the WWTP influent and its application to 9 wastewater treatment processes in South Korea. The results of influent $S_s$ and $Xs+X_{BH}$, which are the most sensitive variables for design of activated sludge process, are estimated within the error ranges of 8.9-14.2% and 3.8-6.4%, respectively. Utilizing the chemical oxygen demand (COD) fraction analysis for influent wastewater, it was possible to predict the concentrations of treated organic matter and nitrogen in 9 full scale BNR processes with high accuracy. In addition, the results of daily influent fraction analysis (D-IFA) method were superior to those of the constant influent fraction analysis (C-IFA) method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.1172-1175
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• 2003

Mutagenicity of white layer cake including 20 kGy-gamma irradiated egg white manufactured as a research on the practical approaches of gamma irradiation for the reduction of egg allergy was evaluated by Salmonella typhimurium reversion assay (Ames test). The water-soluble and organic solvents mixture of methanol: chloroform (2 : 1)-soluble fractions of the white layer cake including 20 kGy-gamma irradiated egg white were examined in S. typhimurium TA98 and TA100. Both with and without metabolic activation, the number of revertant colonies were not increased in each extract compared with negative controls. No significant difference in the formation of the colonies was observed at the non-irradiated and 20 kGy-irradiated samples. The results indicate that there is no evidence of mutagenicity in white layer cake including 20 kGy-gamma irradiated egg white.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.315-327
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• 2005

The total of 35 target VOCs (volatile organic compounds), which were included in the TO-14, was selected to develop a VOCs' source profile matrix of the Yeosu Petrochemical Complex and to test its collinearity by singular value decomposition(SVD) technique. The VOCs collected in canisters were sampled from 12 different sources such as 8 direct emission sources (refinery, painting, wastewater treatment plant, incinerator, petrochemical processing, oil storage, fertilizer plant, and iron mill) and 4 general area sources (gasoline vapor emission, graphic art activity, vehicle emission, and asphalt paving activity) in this study area, and then those samples were analyzed by GC/MS. Initially the resulting raw data for each profile were scaled and normalized through several data treatment steps, and then specific VOCs showing major weight fractions were intensively reviewed and compared by introducing many other related studies. Next, all of the source profiles were tested in terms of degree of collinearity by SVD technique. The study finally could provide a proper VOCs' source profile in the study area, which can give opportunities to apply various receptor models properly including chemical mass balance (CMB).

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.278-284
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• 2018

Asimina triloba contains many kinds of annonaceous acetogenins known to have toxicity and/or activity. In this study, analysis of acetogenins was carried out on the extract and its solvent fractions of A. triloba leaves using a liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy(LC-MS). In the extract, the ethanolic extract was significantly higher acetogenin contents than hot water extract. In the analysis of solvent fraction from the ethanolic extract, n-hexane, ethylacetate, and aqueous fraction were contained 85.17~90.92%, 8.96~14.52% and 0.12~0.35% of total acetogenin in the extract. Based on these results, the analytical method is useful for comparing annonaceous acetogenins contents in plant samples. Moreover, when research or product development aiming at the physiological activity of acetogenin such as anticancer activity using A. triloba leaves is performed, a fractionation using a nonpolar organic solvents and alcohol extract may be useful methods. This method can also be used for the purpose of eliminating toxicity as well.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.59 no.5
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• pp.41-49
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• 2017

This study was aimed to investigate the influence of cation exchange capacity (CEC) and application amounts of zeolite on the stabilization of heavy metals (As, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in upland soils. The upland soils were sampled from field near mines located in Gyeonggi Province. The CEC of zeolite was treated at three different levels, ie, low, medium, and high, while zeolite was amended with soils at the ratio of 0.1 % and 0.5 % as to soil weight. A sequential extraction was performed for the soil sampled at 1, 2 4, and 8 week after zeolite was added to the soil. The concentrations of Pb and Zn appeared to be high in the sampled soils. The mobility of heavy metals obtained from sequential experiments was as follows: Pb > Zn > Ni >As. Addition of zeolite to contaminated soils effectively reduced exchangeable and carbonate fractions but increased organic and residual fraction, indicating that zeolite is effective for immobilizing heavy metals in soils. The influence of incubation time on the metal stabilization was rather pronounced as compared to the application amount and CEC of zeolite.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.565-570
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• 1997

High levels of extracellular phospholipase $A_2$ (Plase $A_2$) associated with inflammatory process in man and animal models have been extensively reported elsew here. Thus, a logical approach to the treatment of inflammatory diseases should involve the inhibitors of Plase $A_2$. To develop new Plase $A_2$ inhibitors from natural products, two hundred crude drugs were screened using group II PLA$A_2$ inhibitory activity. Among them, methanol extract of 5 medicinal plants such as, Raphani Semen, Moutan cortex radicis, Arecae semen, Caryophylli Cortex and Betulae Cortex inhibited more than 90% of PLase $A_2$ activity at a concentration 2.5${\mu}g/ml$. Then, 10 methanol extracts sample were transferred into organic solvents, PLase $A_2$ inhibitory effects were found mainly in CHCl3 and EtoAc fractions.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.312-315
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• 2000

Paecilomyces tenuipes DGUM 32001, an entomopathogenic fungus, was examined to evaluate in vitro cytotoxicity against several human cancer cells. The fruiting bodies of P. tenuipes were extracted with methanol and fractioned with some organic solvents i.e. chloroform, ethyl acetate, and butanol. The methanol extracts of P. tenuipes showed significant cytotoxicity against human cancer cell lines; HeLa, HeLa S3, and A-431. Among the fractions tested, the ethyl acetate fraction had the highest cytotoxicity against three cancer cell lines. The $IC_{50}$ values of ethyl acetate fraction against HeLa, HeLa S3, and A-431 were 13, 35, and 30 $\mu$g/ml, respectively. However, cytotoxicity might not be due to apoptosis. The methanol extract of cultured mycelia showed high cytotoxicity against HeLa cell lines.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.144-148
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• 1998

One hundred and seventeen crude drugs were screened for DNA-binding activity in vitro. The DNA-methyl green assay is a useful biochemical screen for the detection or development of biologically active compounds which bind to DNA. This assay is based upon the fact that free methyl green undergoes rapid spontaneous molecular rearrangement to its colorless carbinol base so that the liberation of the dye from DNA by displacement can be followed spectrophotometrically as a decrease in absorbance at 65Onm. Seven methanolic extracts of crude drugs including Cinnamomi Cortex spissus, Coicis Semen, Coptidis Rhizoma, Perillae Semen, Plantaginis Semen, Polygalae Radix and Zanthoxyli Fructus showed less than 2,000${\mu}$g/ml as their $IC_{50}$ values. The active principles of Plantaginis Semen and Zanthoxyli Fructus were transferred into organic solvents, which showed the $IC_{50}$ values with 588 and 574${\mu}$g/ml, respectively. These fractions have been selected for isolation of biologically active constituents.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.7
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• pp.847-858
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• 2017

For 26 soil series distributed more than 1% among 63 soil series in Jeju Island, natural uncultivated soil samples were collected. For these soils, the chemical speciation of eight heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, V, and Zn) was examined. Further, the Plant Bioavailability (PB) and Mobility Factor (MF) of these heavy metals were evaluated using Tessier's 5-step sequential extraction method (exchangeable, carbonate, reducible (bound to Fe/Mn oxides), oxidizable (bound to organic matter), and residual fraction). The main form present was residual fraction for Cd and Zn; residual and oxidizable fractions for Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb; reducible fraction for Mn; and carbonate fraction for V. The average plant availability and average mobility factor were found to be V (57.37%) > Zn (12.49%) > Cd (11.76%) > Cu (11.19%) > Pb (9.37%) > Cr (9.09%) > Mn (3.13%) > Ni (2.63%), and Mn (61.04%) > V (59.94%) > Zn (31.54%) > Cd (17.65%) > Cr (15.66%) > Ni (13.89%) > Pb (13.80%) > Cu (13.53%), respectively.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.215-221
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• 2014

Nano-sized $TiO_2$ particles were produced by a premixed flame aerosol reactor, and they were immobilized on a mesh-type substrate in form of particulate film. The reactor made it possible maintaining the original particulate characteristics determined in the flame synthetic process. The particulate morphology and crystalline phase were not changed until the particulate were finally coated on the substrate, which resulted in the better performance of the photocatalytic conversion of the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the ultraviolet $(UV)-TiO_2$ system. In the flame aerosol reactor, the various specific surface areas and the anatase weight fractions of the synthesized particles were obtained by manipulating the parameters in the combustion process. The performance of the $TiO_2$ particulate films was evaluated for the destruction of the VOCs under the various UV irradiation conditions. The decomposition rates of benzene and formaldehyde under the irradiation of UV-C of 254 nm in wavelength were evaluated to check the performance of $TiO_2$ film layer to be applied in air quality control system.