• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.58-66
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• 2014

In the course of study for a use for non-edible parts of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L), and the development of processed food utilizing these parts, edible floret and non-edible stalk were extracted with ethanol and different organic solvent fractions were prepared. With 10 different extracts and fractions, their useful components and various biological activities, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-proliferation activity, were investigated. The stalk has more abundant water soluble carbohydrate when compared with the floret, and floret has higher hexane-soluble pigments. Analysis of total flavonoid and total polyphenol contents showed that the floret has 1.5~1.99 times higher concentrations than the stalk. Among the fractions, ethylacetate (EA) fractions have the highest amount of total flavonoid and total polyphenol. The stalk and floret possessed 9.45 and 42.01 mg-total flavonoid/g, respectively. In the antioxidation activity assay, the EA fraction of floret showed strong radical scavenging activity and reducing power, while the n-hexane fraction of the stalk exhibited nitrite scavenging activity. In the antimicrobial activity assay, the EA fraction of floret showed a strong and broad-range of antibacterial activity, irrespective of gram positive or gram negative bacteria. In a while, the hexane and EA fractions revealed anti-proliferative effects against the human colorectal cancer cell HCT-116. Strong anti-proliferative activities were found in the hexane fraction of stalk (18.4% of cell viability), and the n-butanol fraction of floret (6.9% of cell viability). Our results suggest that the further study of the characterization of active fractions and the identification of active components from different parts of broccoli are needed to develop functional foods or novel plant-derived medicines.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.228-235
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• 2013

Radish (Raphanus sativus) is a common cruciferous vegetable, and its aerial parts, called Mu-chung in Korean, have plentiful nutritional components such as vitamins, minerals and dietary fibers. Mu-chung has been used as a kimchi, a traditional Korean fermented dish, and dried Mu-chung is an important component of soups commonly consumed during winter in Korea. Since the advent of the mass production of radish in Korea, with the segregation of farm areas and towns and changing diets, Mu-chung has mostly been discarded instead of utilized. In addition, studies concerning the efficient utilization and useful bioactivities of Mu-chung are still lacking worldwide. In this study, we prepared the ethanol extract of Mu-chung and its subsequent solvent fractions. Antimicrobial, antioxidation, and anticoagulation activities were then evaluated in the hopes of developing a functional biomaterial from Korean radishes' aerial parts. The ethanol extraction yield for hot-air dried Mu-chung was 5.6%, and the fraction yields of n-hexane (H), ethylacetate (EA), butanol (B) and water residue were 25.3, 3.6, 19.4, and 51.7%, respectively. Analysis of total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents showed that the EA fraction had the highest content (97.57 and 152.91 mg/g) amongst the fractions. In antimicrobial activity assays, the H and EA fractions were effective against gram positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus subtilis), but not effective against gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The B fraction also exhibited moderate antibacterial activity, suggesting that the extract of Mu-chung has various antibacterial components. In antioxidation activity assays, the EA fraction showed strong DPPH, ABTS and nitrite scavenging activities ($69-222{\mu}g/ml$ of $IC_{50}$), including reducing power. In anticoagulation activity assays, the EA fraction demonstrated strong inhibition activity against human thrombin and prothrombin. Prominent anticoagulation activity was found in aPTT assays; the aPTT of the EA fraction was extended 15-fold compared than that of the solvent control. Our results suggest that Mu-chung is an attractive nutritional food material possessing useful bioactivities, and the EA fraction of Mu-chung could be developed as a functional food ingredient.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.298-303
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• 2020

This study aimed to investigate possible applications of Rodgersia podophylla in the food and cosmetic industry. Ethanol extracts of leaves (RP-L), branches (RP-B), and root (RP-R) were prepared, and their antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-diabetic activities were evaluated. The polyphenol content in the RP-R, RP-L, and RP-B extracts was 79.6, 30.4, and 16.9 mg/g, respectively. An antimicrobial activity assay showed that the RP-L and RP-R extracts exhibited strong growth inhibition of pathogenic and food spoilage Gram-positive bacteria. Furthermore, the RP-R extract inhibited the growth of the Gramnegative E. coli and P. vulgaris bacteria. All extracts showed strong scavenging activity for DPPH, ABTS, nitrite, and reducing power determined by A 700 nm. In particular, the RC₅₀s of the RP-R extract for the DPPH anion and ABTS cation were 23.0-29.7 and 15.0-18.2 ㎍/ml, respectively, which are comparable to those of vitamin C (9.8 and 8.0 ㎍/ml, respectively). An activity assay of α-glucosidase and β-amylase suggested a high potential for the RP-R extract as an anti-diabetic agent. Its inhibition levels of α-glucosidase and β-amylase at 0.5 mg/ml were 6.9 and 48.5%, respectively. This is the first report of the antimicrobial and anti-diabetic activities of R. podophylla. Our results suggest that RP-L and RP-R extracts could be developed as novel cosmeceutical and functional food resources.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1489-1500
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• 2018

Honey is made from flower nectar by honey bees. In this study, 120 honeys from various flowers and across eight different provinces in Korea were collected and their components, antioxidants, and hemolytic activities against red blood cell were evaluated. Our results show that total polyphenol (TP) varied widely across the samples, with chestnut honey showing the highest TP ($77.1{\pm}8.4mg/100g$), protein content ($25.9{\pm}0.9mg/100g$), and absorbance at 400 nm ($A_{400}$ : $0.156{\pm}0.036$). In contrast, the acacia honey and sugar honey had a TP of 9.5~30 mg, 12~15 mg/100g of, and the lowest $A_{400}$ of $0.06{\pm}0.02$. High amounts of total flavonoid were quantified in the jujube and chestnut honeys at $8.73{\pm}7.31$ and $8.39{\pm}3.02mg/100g$, respectively. No samples demonstrated hemolytic activity up to 1 mg/ml. Antioxidant activities determined by DPPH, ABTS, and nitrite scavenging placed the chestnut honey highest, followed by jujube, styrax, multi-floral, citrus, acacia and sugar honey. Analysis of parameter correlations indicated that the components and bioactivity of the honey are dependent on the origin of the flower rather than on bee-farming regions. A positive correlation between TP content and antioxidant activity was identified. The correlation coefficients between $A_{400}$ and the TP, ABTS scavenging, and reducing power values were 0.804, 0.772 and 0.741, respectively. We therefore suggest that $A_{400}$ could be used as a noble, economic and simple factor for honey quality evaluation. Our results can potentially be used to develop functional honey for the food and pharmaceutical industries.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1113-1121
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to determine antioxidant and physiological activities of water and 70% ethanol extracts from Ligularia fischeri by extraction methods. The yield of water and ethanol extracts from Ligularia fischeri was 15.23% and 17.45%, respectively. The polyphenol and flavonoid contents of ethanol extracts of Ligularia fischeri (LEE) were $17.17{\pm}4.38mg/g$, $35.06{\pm}6.69mg/g$, respectively. The electron donating ability and SOD like activity, and ABTS radical ability of all Ligularia fischeri extracts were increased in a dose dependent manner, and those was the highest in LEE. Nitrite scavenging ability was higher in pH 1.2 than that in pH 3.0, and ethanol extract showed higher ability in pH 1.2 and 3.0. The xanthine oxidase and inhibition effect of all Ligularia fischeri extracts on tyrosinase were dose-dependently increased, and those was the highest in ethanol extracts of Ligularia fischeri. Reducing power was 1.2 at extract concentration $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ in water and ethanol extracts of Ligularia fischeri and the highest in water extract of Ligularia fischeri at concentration of $62.5-500{\mu}g/mL$. These results may contribute to development of processed food and health functional food with Ligularia fischeri.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2002

The fractions obtained from the mycelia and their culture broth of Agrocybe cylindracea and Phellinus igniarius were tested for the antioxidation activities. In electron donating ability test, strong activities more than 70% were observed in ethyl acetate and butanol fractions of A. cylindracea mycelium, butanol fraction of A. cylindracea culture broth, diethyl ether fraction of P. igniarius mycelium, and diethyl ether and ethyl acetate fractions of P. igniarius culture broth. Lipid peroxidation inhibition was observed in diethyl ether, butanol and water fractions of A. cylindracea mycelium, and water fraction of A. cylindracea induced the decrease in uric acid production. Activities of $50{\sim}60\;%$ of nitrite scavenging ability were observed in diethyl ether fraction of A. cylindracea mycelium, ethyl acetate and water fractions of A. cylindracea culture broth, diethyl ether fraction of P. igniarius mycelium, and diethyl ether, chloroform, butanol and water fractions of P. igniarius culture broth. In melanin biosynthesis inhibition activity measurement, water fraction of A. cylindracea mycelium and butanol fraction of P. igniarius mycelium showed twice higher activities than control. From these results, the fungi of P. igniarius and A. cylindracea had strong antioxidant activities.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.735-743
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• 2013

This study was conducted to analyze the polyphenol contents and antioxidant activities of small-black-bean-Chungkukjang-added black food (SBCB) and soybean Chungkukjang (SC) extracts for the development of functional materials. The yields of the hot-water-and-ethanol SC extracts were higher than those of the hot-water-only SC extracts, which were higher than those of the ethanol-only SC extracts. The total phenol contents of the hot-water-and-ethanol SBCB extracts were higher than those of the other extracts. The EDA values of the hot-water-and-ethanol SBCB extracts were higher in the 0.625~5.0 mL/mL extract concentration than those of the other extracts, and those of the SC extracts were high in the 10 mg/mL extract concentration. The SOD-like activities of the hot-water- and ethanol-only SC extracts were higher than those of the other extracts. The nitrite scavenging ability of the ethanol-only SC extracts was higher at pH 1.2 than that of the hot-water-only SC extracts. The xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of the hot-water- and ethanol-only SBCB extracts were higher in the 0.625 mL/mL extract concentration than those of the other extracts, and increased along with the extract concentration. The inhibitory activities of tyrosinase also increased along with the extract concentration, and the reducing power increased along with the extract concentration and was high in the hot-water-only SBCB and SC extracts.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the anti oxidative and antitumor activities of medicinal plants for the purpose of developing a functional food. The methanol extracts of Agrimonia pilosa was fractionated with five solvents and examined anti oxidative activities and enzyme inhibitory activities in addition to growth inhibitory activity of human cancer cell. The contents of total phenol compounds in EtOAc and BuOH fraction were 39.89% and 39.56%, respectively. Strong electron donating abilities(>90%) were shown in these fractions and its abilities were 92.90% ($500\;{\mu}g/ml$), 94.47% ($1000\;{\mu}g/ml$) in EtOAc fraction and 93.77% ($500\;{\mu}g/ml$), 92.90% ($1000\;{\mu}g/ml$) in BuOH fraction, respectively. These fractions exhibited more than 50% nitrite scavenging ability and potent inhibition activities to XOase activity (93.06%, 91.73%) at concentration of $1000\;{\mu}g/ml$. In antitumor activity test, hexane fraction showed the strongest growth inhibition activity against HT-29, SNU-1 and HeLa cells. Inhibition levels were 51.50, 90.09% in HT-29, 88.19, 95.11 % in SNU-1 and 42.66, 96.40% in HeLa at the concentration of 50, $100\;{\mu}g/ml$, respectively.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.452-460
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• 2016

This study was designed to develop a functional pharma-food using Salicornia europaea (SE). Tiny seeds from the mature SE were collected, and their biological activities were evaluated. The extraction yield of the seed in hot water was found to be 29.6% and the hot water extract (HWE) contained 25.7 mg/g total polyphenol (TP) and 11.5 mg/g total flavonoid (TF), which are similar to those contained in leaf and stem of SE. Among the subsequent organic solvent fractions, the ethylacetate (EA) fraction exhibited the highest content of TP (158.3 mg/g), TF (136.2 mg/g), and total sugar (228.3 mg/g). The EA fraction exhibited broad-range antibacterial activities against gram-positive bacteria, and the butanol fraction exhibited growth inhibitory effect against only Staphylococcus epidermidis. An antioxidation activity assay of the HWE and its fractions showed the EA fraction to have the highest radical scavenging activity with $RC_{50}$ values of 57.0, 29.0, and $28.9{\mu}g/ml$ against DPPH anion, ABTS cation, and nitrite, respectively. The $RC_{50}$ values of vitamin C against DPPH anion, ABTS cation, and nitrite were 10.7, 4.0, and $18.0{\mu}g/ml$, respectively, indicating that the EA fraction of SE has potent antioxidant compounds. In an anticoagulation assay, the EA fraction exhibited a 15-fold extended thrombin time at 5 mg/ml and activated partial thromboplastin time at 7 mg/ml, which are comparable to the activities of aspirin. The HWE and its fractions had no hemolysis activities against human RBCs at up to 1 mg/ml. These results suggest that the EA fraction from SE has a great potential as a new antibacterial and anticoagulation agent.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.236-243
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• 2011

We evaluated the nutritional value of 70% ethanol extracts (EE) from fermented cudrania tricuspidata fruit (ECT: EE of C. tricuspidata, EFCT: EE of fermented C. tricuspidata, EFCTL: EE of fermented C. tricuspidata by B. licheniformis, EFCTS: EE of fermented C. tricuspidata by B. subtilis) by determined the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activities, and inhibitory actions on elastase and tyrosinase. The yields of freeze-dried powder of ECT, EFCT, EFCTL, and EFCTS were 54.22%, 54.43%, 57.51%, and 57.23% (each w/w), respectively. The color of $L^*,\;a^*,\;b^*$ values decreased of fermented cudrania tricuspidata. The fermented EFCTL and EFCTS had relatively higher contents of total polyphenol and flavonoid than those of other extracts. ABTS radical scavenging ability were 94.61%, 95.85%, 94.36%, and 96.69%, respectively. SOD (superoxide dismutase)-like activities were in the order EFCT (32.60%) > EFCTS (27.10%) > EFCT (23.30%) > ECT (22.00%), and nitrite scavenging activity was in order of EFCTS (51.18%) > EFCTL (45.61%) > EFCT (41.93%) > ECT (27.76%), respectively. Ferrous ion chelating activity of EFCTL (67.34%) and EFCTS (60.36%) was significantly the highest, whereas ECT (52.34%) and EFCT (51.73%) had not different significantly. Xanthine oxidase, elastase and tyrosinase inhibitory activities at 0.5% (w/v) solutions of EFCTL and EFCTS were somewhat higher than those of non-fermented ECT. In conclusion, we provide experimental evidence that extracts of fermented cudrania tricuspidata of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis exhibited higher antioxidant activities and inhibitory actions on elastase and tyrosinase compared with non fermented cudrania tricuspidata.