• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.315-326
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• 2013

In this paper, a new monotonicity, $M({\cdot},{\cdot})$-monotonicity, is introduced in Banach spaces, and the resolvent operator of an $M({\cdot},{\cdot})$-monotone operator is proved to be single valued and Lipschitz continuous. By using the resolvent operator technique associated with $M({\cdot},{\cdot})$-monotone operators, we construct a proximal point algorithm for solving a class of variational inclusions. And we prove the convergence of the sequences generated by the proximal point algorithms in Banach spaces. The results in this paper extend and improve some known results in the literature.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.357-363
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• 2019

Let the circle act on a compact almost complex manifold M with a non-empty discrete fixed point set. To each fixed point, there are associated non-zero integers called weights. A positive weight w is called primitive if it cannot be written as the sum of positive weights, other than w itself. In this paper, we show that if every weight is primitive, then the Todd genus Todd(M) of M is positive and there are $Todd(M){\cdot}2^n$ fixed points, where dim M = 2n. This generalizes the result for symplectic semi-free actions by Tolman and Weitsman [8], the result for semi-free actions on almost complex manifolds by the author [6], and the result for certain symplectic actions by Godinho [1].

• 한국광학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 광도파로와 광섬유사이에서 광손실을 줄이기 위한 모드 크기 변환기를 설계하였다. 설계된 모드 크기 변환기는 주기적으로 분리된 테이퍼 광도파로로 구성된 모드 크기 변환기이며, 공정상의 적용이 용이한 수평 테이퍼 구조를 선택하였다. 높이와 폭이 3$\mu\textrm{m}$${\times}$3$\mu\textrm{m}$이며 1.5%실리카 광도파로의 경우 파장이 1550nm 파장에서 최적의 모드 크기 변환기 설계 파라미터는 테이퍼 영역의 길이가 500$\mu\textrm{m}$이고, 분리된 광도파로의 길이는 5$\mu\textrm{m}$이며, 주기의 Duty-Cycle은 0.95, 광도파로와 광섬유의 접속면에서의 폭은 1.3$\mu\textrm{m}$이였다. 이 때 결합손실은 0.33㏈/point로 광섬유와 광도파로를 직접 연결할 때 보다 1.27 ㏈/point가 감소하였다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.799-815
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• 2016

In this study, according to the reference setting based on the runoff video of 9:00 where the highest water level of 3.94 m has been recorded during the runoff of Cheon-mi Stream in Jeju Island by the attack of Typhoon no. 16 Sanba on September $17^{th}$, 2012, the error rate of long-distance and short-distance velocimetry and real-distance change rate by input error have been calculated and the input range value of reference point by stream has been suggested. In the reference setting process, if a long-distance reference point input error occurs, the real-distance change rate of 0.35 m in the x-axis direction and 1.35 m in y-axis direction is incurred by the subtle input error of 2~11 pixels, and if a short-distance reference point input error occurs, the real-distance change rate of 0.02 m in the x-axis direction and 0.81 m in y-axis direction is incurred by the subtle input error of 1~11 pixels. According to the long-distance reference point setting variable, the velocity error rate showed the range of fluctuation of at least 14.36% to at most 76.06%, and when calculating flux, it showed a great range of fluctuation of at least 20.48% to at most 78.81%.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제16권1호통권29호
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• pp.36-50
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• 1995

Acupuncture is so effective and simple to use in the pain and dysfunction syndrome of TMD. Acupuncture treatment is a point-specific. So, the selection of acupuncture point is very important. According to the traditional meridian theory, we select the points; local points around TMJ and mastication muscles(ST6, ST7, GB20, GB21) and remote point(LI4). And if there is another pain, one or two other points are added. Both neural and humoral mechanism play an important role in acupuncture analgesia. The discovery of spinal gate mechanisms shows somatic stimulation can induce pain inhibition. Humoral mechanism has been established from the discovery of opioid receptors and endogenous opioids. Acupuncture induces a relaxation in the patient, which further decreases the muscle tension.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.159-173
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• 2017

The Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) - Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) system was applied to investigate the influence of major point sources located in Chungcheongnam-do (CN) on surface $PM_{2.5}$ (Particulate Matter of which diameter is $2.5{\mu}m$ or less) concentrations in its surrounding areas. Uncertainties associated with contribution estimations were examined through cross-comparison of modeling results using various combinations of model inputs and setups; two meteorological datasets developed with WRF for 2010 and 2014, and two domestic emission inventories for 2010 and 2013 were used to estimate contributions of major point sources in CN. The results show that contributions of major point sources in CN to annual $PM_{2.5}$ concentrations over Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi, and CN ranged $0.51{\sim}1.63{\mu}g/m^3$, $0.71{\sim}1.62{\mu}g/m^3$, $0.63{\sim}1.66{\mu}g/m^3$, and $1.04{\sim}1.86{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively, depending on meteorology and emission inventory choice. It indicates that the contributions over the surrounding areas can be affected by model inputs significantly. Nitrate was the most dominant $PM_{2.5}$ component that was increased by major point sources in CN followed by sulfate, ammonium, and others. Based on the model simulations, it was estimated that primary $PM_{2.5}$ $(PPM)-to-PM_{2.5}$ conversion rates were 41.3~50.7 ($10^{-6}{\mu}g/m^3/TPY$) for CN, and 12.4~18.3 ($10^{-6}{\mu}g/m^3/TPY$) for Seoul, Incheon, and Gyeonggi, respectively. In addition, spatial gradients of PPM contributions show very steep trends. $NO_X$-to-nitrate conversion rates were 7.61~12.3 ($10^{-6}{\mu}g/m^3/TPY$) for CN, and 3.94~11.3 ($10^{-6}{\mu}g/m^3/TPY$) for the sub-regions in the SMA. $SO_2$-to-sulfate conversion rates were 4.04~5.28 ($10^{-6}{\mu}g/m^3/TPY$) for CN, and 3.73~4.43 ($10^{-6}{\mu}g/m^3/TPY$) for the SMA, respectively.

• 센서학회지
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.411-416
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• 2004

In the international temperature scale of 1990 (ITS-90), standard platinum resistance thermometer (SPRT) is a defining standard thermometer used in the temperature range from 13.8033 K to $961^{\circ}C$. Uncertainty of SPRT is about several mK and uncertainty of defining fixed points of the ITS-90 which is used for calibrating SPRT is about several tenth of mK. Above $0^{\circ}C$. the defining fixed points are gallium melting point and indium, tin, zinc, aluminium and silver freezing points which are all realized using an electric furnace or a liquid bath. To realize freezing point of tin ($231.928^{\circ}C$) and zinc ($419.527^{\cir}C$), two 3-zone furnaces which have 3 electric heaters were manufactured. Temperature gradient of the constructed furnaces were tested. Uncertainty caused by temperature gradient of furnace and immersion effect of SPRT in the sealed-type freezing point cells were evaluated 0.038 mK for tin freezing point and 0.036 mK for zinc freezing point.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.255-256
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• 1993

Recently, Ghim and Son (1993) compared the air quality impacts of two point sources P1 and P3 in Seoul in the first quarter of 1988, whose emission rates were 99.9g/s and 49.4g/s, and whose stack heights were 75m and 21m. They said that higher concentrations from P3 in the nearby area were responsible for shorter stack height of P3. But concentrations were not raised so high only because the stack height was reduced from 75m to 21m. Volume of exit gas from P3 was also much smaller than that from P1.

• 한국지능시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국퍼지및지능시스템학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 학술발표 논문집 제16권 제2호
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• pp.141-144
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• 2006

In this paper, using the notion of generalized metric (or D-metric) due to Dhage [3], we give new definition of M-fuzzy metric spaces and prove a common fixed point theorem for two mappings under the condition of weak compatible and R-weakly commuting mappings in complete M-fuzzy metric spaces.

• 한국지구과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.185-195
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• 2009

이 연구의 목적은 삼림파괴로 유발되는 몇 가지 기상학적 요소의 변화를 관측을 통해서 조사하였다. 이 연구를 위해서 기상관측 장치를 숲이 파괴된 곳과 숲이 보존되어 있는 곳에 설치하여 1년간(2006. 12.-2007. 12) 연속 관측하였다. 이 후로 숲이 파괴된 지점을 point 1 그리고 숲이 보존되어 있는 지점을 point 2라고 지칭하기로 한다. 이 연구에서는 여름철에 강우가 있은 다음 날부터 1주일 동안 관측된 두 지역의 자료를 비교 분석하였다. 관측 자료의 분석을 통하여 야간에는 두 지역의 온도분포가 비슷하였지만, 낮에는 지점 1에서 관측된 기온이 지점 2보다 약 $1.5^{\circ}C$ 높게 나타났다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 하지만 야간에는 두 지점간의 차이가 작았다. 상대습도도 숲의 보존지역(지점2)에서 높게 나타났는데, 그 차이는 한낮에 10%정도에 이르렀다. 지표와 지중 15cm 깊이의 온도도 두 지역 사이에 큰 차이를 보였다. 그 차는 낮에 크고 야간에는 작았는데, 대체로 지점 1에서의 값이 $3-10^{\circ}C$ 더 높게 나타났다. 토양수분은 지점에서 7.1%, 지점 2에서 19.5%로 나타나서 지점 2에서의 토양 수분이 지점 1보다 훨씬 높았다. 두 지점에서 풍향은 주로 북서-북동풍으로 거의 차이가 없었지만, 풍속은 지점 2(0.3m/s)에서 지점 1(0.5m/s)보다 작게 관측되었다. 이러한 관측 자료를 바탕으로 두 지점 사이에 존재하는 열수지적 차이에 대해서도 분석하였다.