• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.27-40
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• 2024

In this paper, we consider the higher-order HartreeFock equations. The higher-order linear Schrödinger equation was introduced in [5] as the formal finite Taylor expansion of the pseudorelativistic linear Schrödinger equation. In [13], the authors established global-in-time Strichartz estimates for the linear higher-order equations which hold uniformly in the speed of light c ≥ 1 and as their applications they proved the convergence of higher-order Hartree-Fock equations to the corresponding pseudo-relativistic equation on arbitrary time interval as c goes to infinity when the Taylor expansion order is odd. To achieve this, they not only showed the existence of solutions in L² space but also proved that the solutions stay bounded uniformly in c. We address the remaining question on the convergence of higherorder Hartree-Fock equations when the Taylor expansion order is even. The distinguished feature from the odd case is that the group velocity of phase function would be vanishing when the size of frequency is comparable to c. Owing to this property, the kinetic energy of solutions is not coercive and only weaker Strichartz estimates compared to the odd case were obtained in [13]. Thus, we only manage to establish the existence of local solutions in H^s space for s > $\frac{1}{3}$ on a finite time interval [-T, T], however, the time interval does not depend on c and the solutions are bounded uniformly in c. In addition, we provide the convergence result of higher-order Hartree-Fock equations to the pseudo-relativistic equation with the same convergence rate as the odd case, which holds on [-T, T].

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.180-191
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify teacher's knowledge about sodium, dietary behaviors related to sodium, attitudes towards a low-salt diet, and meal attitude guidance as well as examine the relationship between these variables. Methods: The participants were 351 teachers at an elementary school in the Jeonbuk area. The data were analyzed using ANOVA, Duncan test, and Pearson correlation coefficients with SPSS v. 20.0. Results: The score for teachers' knowledge about sodium was 12.92 points of a possible 16, the score for dietary behavior related to sodium was 46.85 points of a possible 70, and the score for attitude towards a low-salt diet was 33.63 points of a possible 50. Their score for meal attitude guidance was 59.95 points of a possible 80. The knowledge showed significant differences by hypertension drug (p < 0.05) and stress level (p < 0.05). The dietary behavior of sodium use showed significant differences by gender (p < 0.01), work experience (p < 0.05), BMI (p < 0.01), drinking (p < 0.05), concern about health (p < 0.05), and stress level (p < 0.05). The attitude towards a low-salt diet showed significant differences by gender (p < 0.05), marital status (p < 0.05), work experience (p < 0.05), drinking (p < 0.05), concern about health (p < 0.001), and stress level (p < 0.05). Meal attitude guidance showed a significant difference by marital status (p < 0.001), age (p < 0.001), work experience (p < 0.001), drinking (p < 0.01), regularity of health checkup (p < 0.001), concern about health (p < 0.001), and stress level (p < 0.05). There was a low positive correlation between knowledge about sodium and dietary behavior related to sodium as well as between dietary behavior related to sodium and attitudes towards a low-salt diet. Attitudes towards a low-salt diet showed a positive correlation with meal attitude guidance. Conclusion: Therefore, it is necessary to consider educational programs on increasing knowledge and attitudes towards a low-salt diet in teachers for improvement of meal attitude guidance activities for students.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.219-230
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to find out the common characteristics of eating behaviors of the long-lived elderly in order to offer the basic data for establishing dietary guidelines for a long and healthy life for the general population. The subjects were three-hundred elderly people over age 85 living in Kyungpook Sung-ju who have no problems in daily living. The general characteristics, nutrition knowledge and attitudes, meal patterns, and food preferences of the subjects were surveyed by individual intervies. The levels of the nutrition knowledge of the subjects were very low(average score ; 4.3) and the correlation coefficient between their nutrition knowledge and attitude score was also low(r=0.323, p=0.000). Most of the subjects(93%) had a regular meal pattern consuming three meals a day. The major staple food was rice mixed with other grains(75%) and the number of side dishes was mostly under four(99%). A majority(73%) had no habit of overeating and 51% of the subjects were taking snacks besides regular meals. Thirty one percent of the subjects had drinking habits and 80% of the drinking subjects had over 40 years of drinking history. The most common frequencies for intakes of various food groups were ; more than once a day(95%) for vegetables ; 2∼3 times a week(74%) for green and orange color vegetables ; 2∼3 times a week(72%) for fruits ; once a day(70%) for fish, eggs and legumes ; 2∼3 times a week(49%) for milk ; 2∼3 times a week(72%) for fruits ; once a day(70%) for fish, eggs and legumes ; 2-3 times a week(49%) for milk ; 2-3 times a week(85%) for seaweeds and 2-3 times a week(81%) for foods cooked with oil. The most preferred foods by the subjects were white rice(staple foods), soybean paste soup(soups), beef and eggs(meats and eggs), yellow croaker and hair tail(fish and shellfish), yoghurt(milk and milk products), all vegetables except carrot(vegetables), and watermelon(fruits). The popular food preparation methods included mixing with seasonings and the most preferred taste was sweet. The results showed that the eating pattern of long-lived elderly was characterized by regularity, simplicity, and no overeating.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.31-44
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• 1990

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of rural residential environmemts accompanied by the rural village improvement projects. The results of this study can be a guidoline for further betterment works of rural village envirnments. This sutdy is composed of the survey of two major parts, one Is the interview of the residents and the survey of existing conditions of residential environments, and the other is a questionnaire survey of the mental image, preference and satisfaction for each village residential environments. Based on preliminary investigation, five rural villages, located In Kyungsamgun., Kyungbuk province, were selected as sutdy sites. The major results are summarized as follows; 1. In socio-cultural enveronments, the ratio of compound and non - agricultural household are increased with the modernization of rural villages. On the ocher hand, the numbers of neighbor's association are considerably decreased. This means the traditional community of korean rural villages are diminishing. 2. In physical environments, the ratio of improved western type gouses are increased In modprnized villages. And the modernization is most remarkable in the palls of fences and gardens. 3. By the result of the analysis of residfnt's environmental image and preference, the image scores of urban, formal, mdoern, etc. are showed to be high. And the preference is also high in modernized villages. But in general, the Preference for the village environment is comparatively low in all villages. This means the improvememt work should be continuous and systematic. 4. By the result of stepwise regression analysis, the variables, affecting the preference of village environment. are regularity, familiarity, amount of greenery, beauty of surrounding scenery, convenience, cleanness, etc. The R2s of the perference models were 0.4486 ∼0.9395, Which are considered to be high. 5. In the satisfaction for each residences, the toilets are mostly dis - satisfying. With the modernization of vilelages, the needs for environmental quality by residents are increased. 6. In the satisfaction for village enveironments, the satisfaction level is most low in service facilities, such as public bath, barbershop. And the satisfaction for the scenic beauty, the amenity of surrondings, and the com munity of the traditional villages, are commparatively high in conventional villges. 7. The imporvement works, based on the characteristics of each rural villages, are recommended. And the tradition of Jung - ja tree spaces and harmony with surrounding landscape of traditional villages, must be conserved with good regards.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SD
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.60-70
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• 2000

An 8$\times$8+20-bit MAC is designed with low power design methodologies at each of the system design levels. At algorithm level, a new method for multipl $y_tract operation is proposed, and it saves the transistor counts over conventional methods in hardware realization. A new Booth selector circuit using NMOS pass-transistor logic is also proposed at circuit level. It is superior to other circuits designed by CMOS in power-delay-product. And at architecture level, we adopted an ELM adder that is known to be the most efficient in power consumption, operating frequency, area and design regularity as the final adder. For registers, dynamic CMOS single-edge triggered flip-flops are used because they need less transistors per bit. To increase the operating frequency 2-stage pipeline architecture is adopted, and fast 4：2 compressors are applied in Wallace tree block. As a simulation result, the designed MAC in 0.6${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ 1-poly 3-metal CMOS process is operated at 200MHz, 3.3V and consumed 35㎽ of power in multiply operation, and operated at 100MHz consuming 29㎽ in MAC operations, respectively.ly.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.335-343
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the food behavior and nutritional status of elementary school students in the Jeju area using Nutrition Quotient (NQ). Methods: The subjects were 440 students (235 boys and 205 girls) in the fifth and sixth grade at four elementary schools located in Jeju. Demographic, lifestyle, and environmental information was collected using a self-reported questionnaire. The food behavior checklist for children's Nutrition Quotient (NQ), consisting of 19 items, and nutrition education related information were also obtained. Results: The mean score of the children's NQ was poor, reaching 60.3 points. The percentage distribution of NQ grade was 19.8% (lowest), 18.6% (low), 45.0% (medium), 10.7% (high), and 5.9% (highest) and the factor scores for balance, diversity, abstinence, regularity, and practice were 56.6, 68.4, 71.3, 57.4, and 54.8 points, respectively. Compared with the NQ cut-off points for defining malnutrition (balance; 57, diversity; 87, abstinence; 66, regularity; 69, and practice; 67 point), average score of abstinence factor was only above the cut-off point and scores of the other factors were below the cut-off point. Subjects with higher NQ scores tended to have higher levels of exercise activity (p < 0.001), frequency of family meals (p < 0.01), and father's educational levels (p < 0.01) compared to those with lower NQ score. NQ score showed positive association with nutrition education experience and practice (p < 0.001). Conclusion: NQ score of elementary school students residing in Jeju was lower than the national average. More opportunities should be provided for participation in nutrition education, which incorporates a range of program strategies, as well as communication and education activities.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.604-617
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• 2019

Purpose: To investigate the effect of eating behavior on nutritional status according to temperament type. Methods: One thousand one hundred three preschool children aged 2 to 6 years in Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do from April to June 2018 were surveyed about their eating behavior and nutritional status using DBT (Dietary Behavior Test) and NQ (Nutrition Quotient) which are proven tests. The dietary behaviors of the children were classified into four categories: approach avoidance, sensory sensitivity, hyperactivity, and irregularity. NQ scores were divided into five categories: balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, and practice. Results: The mean of the children's age was 3.42 ± 1.4 (596 boys and 507 girls). The percentage distribution of the NQ grade was as follows: 5.5% (highest), 12.5% (high), 47.1% (medium), 22.2% (low), and 12.6% (lowest). The risk group of approach avoidance and sensory sensitivity had significantly (p < 0.001) lower scores than the normal group in balance factor (51.9 ± 12.0 vs. 57.8 ± 15.9 in approach avoidance type, 52.6 ± 17.6 vs. 57.7 ± 15.9 in sensory sensitivity type) and diversity factor (32.5 ± 24.4 vs. 50.1 ± 22.4 in approach avoidance type, and 32.5 ± 24.0 vs. 50.7 ± 22.2 in sensory sensitivity type). The scores of the hyperactivity risk group were significantly lower in moderation factor (78.2 ± 12.1 vs. 81.2 ± 11.9), and those of the irregular risk group were significantly lower in variety (35.9 ± 24.5 vs. 48.8 ± 23.2), regularity (57.6 ± 37.1 vs. 66.1 ± 17.6), and practice (57.1 ± 19.4 vs. 65.1 ± 22.5) factors than the normal group (p < 0.001). Especially, the risk group of approach avoidance and sensitivity type had significantly (p < 0.001) lower intakes of whole grain, fruit, bean and bean products, vegetables, and Kimchi. Conclusion: This present study suggested that the eating behavior based on temperament of demanding preschool children affected food choice resulting in food consumption diversity of children. Therefore, it is important to provide customized nutrition education programs based on temperament type.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.272-278
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• 2009

To investigate abundance of soil organisms in the ginseng cultivation, we have selected 6 different cultivated lands in Jinan-gun, Jeollabuk-do. The microarthropods were assessed on the basis of 3,101 individuals collected between April and November 2008. The taxonomic composition and abundance of microarthropods were as follows: Acari 44.9%, Collembola 50.1% and others 5.0%. Density increased at the cast and 4 year point, and the population of microarthropods was high in April and May, but low in July and August. Acari/Collembola ratio was approximately 0.90%. There was no correlation between soil factors and microarthropods. The density of soil actinomyces represented a monthly average $0.3{\sim}0.9{\times}10^6\;cfu\;g^{-1}$, and fungi tended to increase and decrease regularity at each spots, where highest decrease was observed in August and September. The density of bacteria was $1.1{\sim}9.6{\times}10^6\;cfu\;g^{-1}$ in each period and those in June and August were much higher than after August. The distribution of fluorescent Pseudomonas showed regular tendency in early survey periods but did not appear in significant numbers after July.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.23 no.6 s.84
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• pp.41-53
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• 2005

The effective utilization of an airport is considerably influenced by natural features and man-made structures inside and outside its boundary. These obstacles affect the airspace available for approaches and departures and the weather minima which dictates the necessary weather conditions for aircraft to be allowed to take-off or land. Certain areas of the airspace near airports must be regarded as the integral parts of the airport system. The availability of the required airspace is as important as are the runway and their associated strips to the safe and efficient use of the airport. For these reasons, ICAO and the member states have established the standards regarding the obstacle limitation surfaces and regulated the construction of the man-made structures in and beyond the surfaces. Existing objects that extend above a obstacle limitation surfaces should as for as practicable be removed except when, in the opinion of the appropriate authority, an objects is shielded an existing immovable objects, or after aeronautical study it is determined that the object would not adversely affect the safety or significantly affect the regularity of operations of airplanes. However, Korea's aviation law does not specified the outer horizontal surface in the obstacle limitation surfaces, while ICAO and most member states do. The absence of the outer horizontal surface regulation has created legal disputes between regulating agencies and private parties. The case study in this paper found that a skyscraper planned beyond Korea's obstacle limitation surfaces does affect the flight safety and the efficient use of an airport. Therefore, in areas beyond the obstacle limitation surfaces. those objects which extend to a height of 150m or more above ground elevation should be regarded as obstacle, unless a special aeronautical study indicates that they do not constitute a hazard to airplanes. We proposed low alternative regulatory schemes for resolving the issues raised in this paper, and we recommended to adopt ICAO's standards and recommended practices.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.9 no.spc3
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• pp.187-196
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• 2006

This study has showed verified results on 'Survey into Observer Preference for Table Decoration for Eating and Drinking'. It is a preliminary study to look into interrelation of preference to color tables, image adjectives, aesthetic value, by giving color changes in a certain regularity to each influential factor in functional table decoration. The result has demonstrated that, as for color image and preference,'observers prefers mid/low dark-toned brown which gives a feeling of 'high-quality, and like to eat', and orange tone with a fooling of 'warm and colorful'. In evaluating interrelation between preference and aesthetic value, the study has revealed that ordinary people take the influential factor of 'unity and Gestalt' seriously, while non-professionals preferred 'uniqueness'. Stimulant No. 7 is one of constituent factors of functional table decoration, eliciting significance of images on colors ant aesthetic value. This study also has practical problems about insufficiency or inadequateness in producing mood suitable to T P O, according to depending upon color changes in picking up stimulants, or other problems in selecting stimulants, according to time, seasons and generational parameter in which the inquiry is conducted, but it will serve as a stepping stone for developing new design using both qualitative and quantitative data in 려nctional table decoration.