• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 2023

Since Chappelear developed a Fourier approximation method, considerable research efforts have been made. On the other hand, Fourier approximations are unsuitable for deep water waves. The purpose of this study is to provide a Fourier approximation suitable even for deep water waves and a numerical method to determine the Fourier coefficients and the wave properties. In addition, the convergence of the solution was tested in terms of its order. This paper presents a velocity potential satisfying the Laplace equation and the bottom boundary condition (BBC) with a truncated Fourier series. Two wave profiles were derived by applying the potential to the kinematic free surface boundary condition (KFSBC) and the dynamic free surface boundary condition (DFSBC). A set of nonlinear equations was represented to determine the Fourier coefficients, which were derived so that the two profiles are identical at specified phases. The set of equations was solved using Newton's method. This study proved that there is a limit to the series order, i.e., the maximum series order is N=12, and that there is a height limitation of this method which is slightly lower than the Michell theory. The reason why the other Fourier approximations are not suitable for deep water waves is discussed.

• Journal of Ship and Ocean Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.61-69
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• 2004

Unsteady nonlinear wave motions on the free surface over a plane beach of constant slope are numerically simulated using a finite difference method in rectangular grid system. Two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations and the continuity equation are used for the computations. Irregular leg lengths and stars are employed near the boundaries of body and free surface to satisfy the boundary conditions. Also, the free surface which consists of markers or segments is determined every time step with the satisfaction of kinematic and dynamic free surface conditions. Moreover, marker-density method is also adopted to allow plunging jets impinging on the free surface. The second-order Stokes wave theory is employed for the generation of waves on the inflow boundary. For the simulation of wave breaking phenomena, the computations are carried out with the plane beach of constant slope in surf zone. The results are compared with other existing experimental results. Agreement between the experimental data and the computation results is good.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.419-430
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• 2012

Due to the calculation difficulty on the hydraulic and hydrologic analysis for road drainage facilities design, these analysis techniques are not applicable. This study's result are development of minutely rainfall-intensity equation suitable for road drainage area, verification of rainfall-runoff model joining kinematic wave theory for road drainage area, computational model based GUI for road surface drainage facilities spacing and culvert's size decision and various road drainage channel design. Applicable test on the developed model is proceed, result that in case of road surface dranage facilities spacing is narrower 6~65% than present spacing calculation method, in other case of road cross dranage facilities size is bigger 6~140% than present size decision method.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.195-205
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• 2000

Many types of factors were devised to calculate time of concentration. Singh(976) derived time of concentration of overland flow using kinematic wave theory for plane, converging, and diverging geometric configurations. The present paper investigated the time of concentration for particularly plane geometric configuration. A theoretical equation of time of concentration is derived based on the assumption of impervious overland flow as in the open channel flow. The study characterized the overland flow by many types of characteristic flow such as rough turbulent flow, smooth turbulent flow, laminar flow, and then suggested a theoretical equation on each flow condition. The present paper further considered the rainfall intensity as a main factor and devised an approximate composite equation reflecting the effect of rainfall intensity given at various return periods.

• Water for future
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 1994

The occurrence condition of debris fiow due to rainfall is given by solving the equations for fiow on a slope. The solution shows that a debris fiow will occur on a slope when the accumulated rainfall within the time of concentration exceeds a certain value determined by the properties of the slope. To estimate this critical value, the system analysis technique would be commendable. In this study, a procedure to fine the critical rainfall from the rainfall data whith and without debris flows is proposed. Reliability of this method is verified by applying to the debris flows in Unzen Volcano which recently began to erupt. Discharge of debris flow in a stream is obtained by solving the equation of continuity using the kinematic wave theory and assuming the cross sectional area to be a function of discharge. The computed hydrographs agree weel with the ones observed at the rivers in Sakurajima and Unzen Volcanos. It is found from the derived equation that the runoff intensity of debris flow is in proportion to the rainfall intensity and accumulated rainfall, jointly. This gives a theoretical basis to the conventional method which has been widely used.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.103-113
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• 2013

Shock wave model describes the propagation speed of kinematic waves in traffic flow. It was first presented by Lighthill and Whitham and has been deployed to solve many traffic problems. A recent paper pointed out that there are some traffic situations in which shock waves are not observable in the field, whereas the model predicts the existence of waves. The paper attempted to identify how such a counterintuitive conclusion results from the L-W model, and resolved the problem by deriving a new asymptotical shock wave model. Although the asymptotical model successfully eliminated the paradox of the L-W model, the validation of the new model is confined within the realm of the deceleration flow situation since the model was derived under such constraint. The purpose of this paper is to derive the remaining counter asymptotical shock wave model for acceleration traffic flow. For this, the vehicle trajectories in a time-space diagram modified to accommodate the continuously increased speed at every instant in such a way that the relationship between the spacing from the preceding vehicle and the speed of the following vehicle strictly follows Greenshield's model. To verify the validity of the suggested model, it was initially implemented to a constant flow where no shock wave exists, and the results showed that there exists no imaginary shock wave in a homogeneous flow. Numerical applications of the new model showed that the shock wave speeds of the asymptotical model for the acceleration flow tend to lean far toward the forward direction consistently. This means that the asymptotical models performs in a systematically different way for acceleration and for declaration flows. Since the output difference among the models is so distinct and systematic, further study on identifying which model is more applicable to an empirical site is recommended.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.454-458
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• 2007

Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution is a serious problem causing the degradation of soil and water quality. Concentrated overland flow is the primary transport mechanism for a large amount of NPS pollutants from hillslope areas to downslope areas in a watershed. In this study, a soil erosion model, nLS model, to identify transitional overland flow regions (i.e., ephemeral gully head areas) was developed using the kinematic wave overland flow theory. Spatial data, including digital elevation models (DEMs), soil, and landcover, were used in the GIS-based model algorithm. The model was calibrated and validated using gully head locations in a large agricultural watershed, which were identified using 1-m aerial photography. The model performance was better than two previous approaches; the overall accuracy of the nLS model was 72 % to 87 % in one calibration subwatershed and the mean overall accuracy was 75 to 89 % in four validation subwatersheds, showing that the model well predicted potential transitional erosion areas at different watersheds. However, the user accuracy in calibration and validation was still low. To improve the user accuracy and study the effects of DEM resolution, finer resolution DEMs may be preferred because DEM grid is strongly sensitive to estimating model parameters. Information gained from this study can improve assessing soil erosion process due to concentrated overland flow as well as analyze the effect of microtopographic landscapes, such as riparian buffer areas, in NPS control.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2010

The distributed rainfall-runoff model which is developed in the country requires a lot of time and effort to generate input data. Also, it takes a lot of time to calculate discharge by numerical analysis based on kinematic wave theory in runoff process. Therefore, most river basins using the distributed model are of limited scale, such as small river basins. However, recently, the necessity of integrated watershed management has been increasing due to change of watershed management concept and discharge calculation of whole river basin, including upstream and downstream of dam. Thus, in this study, the feasibility of the GIS based physical distributed rainfall-runoff model, K-DRUM(K-water hydrologic & hydraulic Distributed RUnoff Model) which has been developed by own technology was reviewed in the flood discharge process for the Geum River basin, including Yongdam and Daecheong Dam Watersheds. GIS hydrological parameters were extracted from basic GIS data such as DEM, land cover and soil map, and used as input data of the model. Problems in running time and inaccuracy setting using the existing trial and error method were solved by applying an auto calibration method in setting initial soil moisture conditions. The accuracy of discharge analysis for application of the method was evaluated using VER, QER and Total Error in case of the typhoon 'Ewiniar' event. and the calculation results shows a good agreement with observed data.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.219-232
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• 2020

The slip-weakening model developed by Ohnaka and Yamashita is extended over the breakdown zone by equating the scaling relationships for the breakdown zone and the whole rupture area. For the extension, the study uses the relationship between rupture velocity and radiation efficiency, which was derived in the theory of linear elastic fracture mechanics, and the definition of f_max given in the specific barrier model proposed by Papageorgiou and Aki. The results clearly show that the extended scaling relationship is governed by the ratio of rupture velocity to S wave velocity, and the velocity ratio can be determined by the ratio of characteristic frequencies of a Fourier amplitude spectrum, which are corner frequency, f_c, and source-controlled cut-off frequency, f_max, or vice versa. The derived relationship is tested by using the characteristic frequencies extracted from previous studies of more than 130 shallow crustal events (focal depth less than 25 km, M_W 3.0~7.5) that occurred in Japan. Under the assumption of a dynamic similarity, the rupture velocity estimated from f_max/f_c and the modified integral timescale give quite similar scale-dependence of the rupture area to that given by Kanamori and Anderson. Also, the results for large earthquakes show good agreement to the values from a kinematic inversion in previous studies. The test results also indicate the unavailability of the spectral self-similarity proposed by Aki because of the scale-dependent rupture velocity and the rupture velocity-dependent f_max/f_c; however, the results do support the local similarity asserted by Ohnaka. It is also remarkable that the relationship between the rupture velocity and f_max/f_c is quite similar to Kolmogorov's hypothesis on a similarity in the theory of isotropic turbulence.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2013.04a
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• pp.842-848
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• 2013

Developments of Solid-State Gyroscopy during last decades are impressive and were based on thin-walled shell resonators like HRG or CRG made from fused quartz or leuko-sapphire. However, a number of design choices for inertial-grade gyroscopes, which can be used for high-g applications and for mass- or middle-scale production, is still very limited. So, considerations of fundamental physical effects in solids that can be used for development of a miniature, completely solid-state, and lower-cost sensor look urgent. There is a variety of different types of bulk acoustic (elastic) waves (BAW) in anisotropic solids. Shear waves with different variants of their polarization have to be studied especially carefully, because shear sounds in glasses and crystals are sensitive to a turn of the solid as a whole, and, so, they can be used for development of gyroscopic sensors. For an isotropic medium (for a glass or a fine polycrystalline body), classic Lame's theorem (so-called, a general solution of Elasticity Theory or Green-Lame's representation) has been modified for enough general case: an elastic medium rotated about an arbitrary set of axes. Travelling, standing, and mixed shear waves propagating in an infinite isotopic medium (or between a pair of parallel reflecting surfaces) have been considered too. An analogy with classic Foucault's pendulum has been underlined for the effect of a turn of a polarizational plane (i.e., an integration effect for an input angular rate) due to a medium's turn about the axis of the wave propagation. These cases demonstrate a whole-angle regime of gyroscopic operation. Single-crystals are anisotropic media, and, therefore, to reflect influence of the crystal's rotation, classic Christoffel-Green's tensors have been modified. Cases of acoustic axes corresponding to equal velocities for a pair of the pure-transverse (shear) waves have of an evident applied interest. For such a special direction in a crystal, different polarizations of waves are possible, and the gyroscopic effect of "polarizational precession" can be observed like for a glass. Naturally, formation of a wave pattern in a massive elastic body is much more complex due to reflections from its boundaries. Some of these complexities can be eliminated. However, a non-homogeneity has a fundamental nature for any amorphous medium due to its thermodynamically-unstable micro-structure, having fluctuations of the rapidly-frozen liquid. For single-crystalline structures, blockness (walls of dislocations) plays a similar role. Physical nature and kinematic particularities of several typical "drifts" in polarizational BAW gyros (P-BAW) have been considered briefly too. They include irregular precessions ("polarizational beats") due to: non-homogeneity of mass density and elastic moduli, dissymmetry of intrinsic losses, and an angular mismatch between propagation and acoustic axes.