• KSBB Journal
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.255-260
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• 2003

In vivo bioassays for biological medicines have been considered final resort to unequivocally assess the biological activities for them because there are some cases in which the biological activities obtained from in vivo bioassay and in vitro bioassay quite differ each other. The in vivo biological activity of EPO depends on its sialic acid contents which confer microheterogeneity-isoforms to this protein. We have devise a method which consists of a in vitro bioassay using BaF3 cell line and a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) for the measurement of the EPO isoform distribution. The biological activity of EPO obtained using in vitro bioassay with BaF3 cell line showed good correlation (C.V.(％) 7.34, 5.85, 8,16, 8.08, 8.8) to EPO content measured either spectrophotometric assay (A280 0.1 ％ ＝0.743) or radio immunoassay. The assay validation results of in vitro bioassay with 3 lot of in house EPO showed good results to EPO content measured either in vivo assay or radio immunoassay. and also showed good results the robustness of our method in terms of precision, accuracy, repeatability. The isoform distribution for EPO-BRP (1 : 1 mixture of epoetin-${\alpha}$ and epoetin-${\beta}$, European Pharmacopoeia) by CZE method resulted in isoform 2 through isoform 8. The major peaks in electrophoregram were composed of isoform 3 through 7. Our recombinant EPO (epoetin-${\alpha}$) having equivalent in vivo biological activity showed the isoform distribution of isoform 3 through 9. The major peaks consisted of isoform 4 through 8. The peak area of isoform 4 was always smaller than that of isoform 5. The preparations of recombinant epoetin-${\alpha}$ with lower in vivo biological activity than EPO-BRP showed the isoform 2 through 8 in their electrophoregrams whose major peaks consisted of the isoform 3 through 7. The peak area of isoform 4 was larger than that of isoform 5.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.14-20
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• 2013

Background: Nefopam, a non-opiate analgesic, has been regarded as a substance that reduces the requirement for morphine, but conflicting results have also been reported. The inhibition of monoamine reuptake is a mechanism of action for the analgesia of nefopam. The spinal cord is an important site for the action of monoamines however, the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal nefopam was not clear. This study was performed to examine the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal (i.t.) nefopam and the pattern of pharmacologic interaction with i.t. morphine in the formalin test. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with an i.t. catheter, and were randomly treated with a vehicle, nefopam, or morphine. Formalin was injected into the hind-paw 10 min. after an i.t. injection of the above experiment drugs. After obtaining antinociceptive $ED_{50}$ of nefopam and morphine, the mixture of nefopam and morphine was tested for the antinociceptive effect in the formalin test at a dose of 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 of $ED_{50}$, or $ED_{50}$ of each drug followed by an isobolographic analysis. Results: Intrathecal nefopam significantly reduced the flinching responses in both phases of the formalin test in a dose-dependent manner. Its effect, however, peaked at a dose of $30{\mu}g$ in phase 1 (39.8% of control) and $10{\mu}g$ during phase 2 (37.6% of control). The isobolograhic analysis indicated an additive interaction of nefopam and morphine during phase 2, and a synergy effect in antinociception during phase 1. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that i.t. nefopam produces an antinociceptive effect in formalin induced pain behavior during both phases of the formalin test, while interacting differently with i.t. morphine, synergistically during phase 1, and additively during phase 2.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1383-1391
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• 2016

The fungal strain EML-DML3PNa1 isolated from leaf of white dogwood (Cornus alba L.) showed strong nematicidal activity with juvenile mortality of 87.6% at a concentration of 20% fermentation broth filtrate at 3 days after treatment. The active fungal strain was identified as Aspergillus oryzae, which belongs to section Flavi, based on the morphological characteristics and sequence analysis of the ITS rDNA, calmodulin (CaM), and β-tubulin (BenA) genes. The strain reduced the pH value to 5.62 after 7 days of incubation. Organic acid analysis revealed the presence of citric acid (515.0 mg/kg), malic acid (506.6 mg/kg), and fumaric acid (21.7 mg/kg). The three organic acids showed moderate nematicidal activities, but the mixture of citric acid, malic acid, and fumaric acid did not exhibit the full nematicidal activity of the culture filtrate of EML- DML3PNa1. Bioassay-guided fractionation coupled with ¹H- and ¹³C-NMR and EI-MS analyses led to identification of kojic acid as the major nematicidal metabolite. Kojic acid exhibited dose-dependent mortality and inhibited the hatchability of M. incognita, showing EC₅₀ values of 195.2 μg/ml and 238.3 μg/ml, respectively, at 72 h post-exposure. These results suggest that A. oryzae EML-DML3PNa1 and kojic acid have potential as a biological control agent against M. incognita.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.120-129
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pulpal response to direct pulp capping with dentin sialoprotein (DSP) -derived synthetic peptide in teeth of dogs, and to compare its efficacy to capping substances $Ca(OH)_2$ and white mineral trioxide aggregate (WMTA). A total of 72 teeth of 6 healthy male beagle dogs were used. The mechanically exposed pulps were capped with one of the following: (1) DSP-derived synthetic peptide (PEP group): (2) $Ca(OH)_2$ (CH group): (3) a mixture paste of peptide and $Ca(OH)_2$ (PEP+CH group): or (4) white MTA (WMTA group). The access cavity was restored with a reinforced glass ionomer cement. Two dogs were sacrificed at each pre-determined intervals (2 weeks, 1 month, and 3 months). After the specimens were prepared for standard histological processing, sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Under a light microscope, inflammatory response and hard tissue formation were evaluated in a blind manner by 2 observers. In the PEP group, only 3 of 17 specimens showed hard tissue formation, indication that the DSP-derived synthetic peptide did not induce proper healing of the pulp. Compared with the CH group, the PEP group demonstrated an increased inflammatory response and poor hard tissue formation. The CH and WMTA groups showed similar results for direct pulp capping in mechanically exposed teeth of dogs.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.531-537
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• 2009

Purpose: Alveolar bone grafting has become an essential process in the treatmemt of alveolar cleft patient for stabilization of the maxillary arch, elimination of oronasal fistula, the reconstruction of the soft tissue nasal base support, and creation of bony support for tooth eruption for implant. The use of Autologous iliac cancellous bone is preferable because of the adequate quantity and high osteoinductive potential. However, even with iliac bone, insufficient osteoregeneration and absorption occur due to several factors such as the patient's age, cleft width, functional stress, and others. In order to increase osteoregeneration where the iliac bone is placed, the present study is associated with bone marrow aspirate (BMA). The experimental study evaluated the efficacy of osteoregeneration in normal cleft rabbits when alveolar bone grafting was performed with autologous iliac corticocancellous bone. Methods: Twenty - four New Zealand White rabbits were divided randomly into 2 groups (BMA, control). All animals underwent harvesting of corticocancellous bone graft from the right posterior iliac crest via standard surgical technique. $1m{\ell}$ of BMA were obtained by scraping the needle and aspirate with $10m{\ell}$ syringe from the contralateral iliac bone wall. The muco - periosteal flap on the palate was elevated. A mixture of Equal bone's volumes with BMA and saline as its control was inserted into the cleft. Animals were sacrificed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks and maxilla was harvested for dental peri - apical X-ray, bone matrix density (BMD),and histologic analysis. Result: BMD of regenerated bone to the cleft in the rabbits was higher than that of the control rabbits. X-ray, histologic analysis showed that increased osteoregeneration and low absorption rate were observed in the BMA group. Conclusion: Our experimental study showed BMA enhanced the osteoregeneration and survival rate of alveolar bone grafting. BMA is easy to extract & cost - time effective. So it can be an effective enhancers for bone grafting mixtures.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.259-266
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• 2010

Porous poly(propylene) supported gel polymer electrolytes (GPE) were synthesized by thermal polymerization of DEGDMA [Di(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate] in electrolyte solutions (1 M solution of $LiPF_6$ in EC/DEC 1 : 1 mixture) at $70^{\circ}C$. AC impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry were used to evaluate its ionic conductivity and electrochemical stability window of the GPE membranes. Lithium ion battery (LIB) cells were also fabricated with $LiNi_{0.8}Co_{0.2}O_2$/graphite and GPE membranes via thermal polymerization process. Through the thermal polymerization, self sustaining GPE membranes with sufficient ionic conductivities (over $10^{-3}\;S/cm$) and electrochemical stabilities. The LIB cell with 5% monomer showed the best rate-capability and cycleability.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2013.08a
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• pp.220-220
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• 2013

Surface-normal transmission electro-absorption modulator (EAM) are attractive for high-definition (HD) three-dimensional (3D) imaging application due to its features such as small system volume and simple epitaxial structure [1,2]. However, EAM in order to be used for HD 3D imaging system requires uniform modulation performance over large area. To achieve highly uniform modulation performance of EAM at the operating wavelength of 850 nm, it is extremely important to remove the GaAs substrate over large area since GaAs material has high absorption coefficient below 870 nm which corresponds to band-edge energy of GaAs (1.424 eV). In this study, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a transmission EAM in which highly selective backside etching methods which include lapping, dry etching and wet etching is carried out to remove the GaAs substrate for achieving highly uniform modulation performance. First, lapping process on GaAs substrate was carried out for different lapping speeds (5 rpm, 7 rpm, 10 rpm) and the thickness was measured over different areas of surface. For a lapping speed of 5 rpm, a highly uniform surface over a large area ($2{\times}1\;mm^2$) was obtained. Second, optimization of inductive coupled plasma-reactive ion etching (ICP-RIE) was carried out to achieve anisotropy and high etch rate. The dry etching carried out using a gas mixture of SiCl4 and Ar, each having a flow rate of 10 sccm and 40 sccm, respectively with an RF power of 50 W, ICP power of 400 W and chamber pressure of 2 mTorr was the optimum etching condition. Last, the rest of GaAs substrate was successfully removed by highly selective backside wet etching with pH adjusted solution of citric acid and hydrogen peroxide. Citric acid/hydrogen peroxide etching solution having a volume ratio of 5:1 was the best etching condition which provides not only high selectivity of 235:1 between GaAs and AlAs but also good etching profile [3]. The fabricated transmission EAM array have an amplitude modulation of more than 50% at the bias voltage of -9 V and maintains high uniformity of >90% over large area ($2{\times}1\;mm^2$). These results show that the fabricated transmission EAM with substrate removed is an excellent candidate to be used as an optical shutter for HD 3D imaging application.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.136-143
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the algicidal characteristics of cashew nut oil (CNO) and to develop CNO mixtures with other compounds having synergistic effects on the growth inhibition against a blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa. Among tested CNOs, CNO with higher anacardic acid contents (Ana-A) exhibited the best algicidal activity against M. aeruginosa. Ana-A showed broad algicidal spectrum with particular greater activity against blue-green algae than green algae. Ana-A showed the greatest activity against to Oscillatoria tenuis ($IC_{50}=0.19{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$) among the tested blue-green algae and to Chlorella vulgaris ($IC_{50}=4.54{\mu}g\;mL^{-1}$) among the tested green algae, respectively. In a mixture experiment to evaluate a chemical interaction in M. aeruginosa control, Ana-A showed a strong synergistic effect with MSB and menadione, mild synergistic effect with citric acid, and additive effect with chryspophanol, copper sulfate and quinoclamine. Taken together, our results suggest that CNO containing higher anacardic acid can be used as an eco-friendly natural algicide for selective control of blue-green algae such as M. aeruginosa and O. tenuis through an optimization of application rate and in combination with synergists such as MSB and menadione.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.384-393
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• 2011

Sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant weeds are spreading widely and distributed about 106,951 hectare in paddy rice fields in Korea. Morever all biotype of Scirpus juncoides which were collected at 69 spots all over paddy rice fields in 2008 were identified biotype of sulfonylurea herbicide-resistant. Benzobicyclon is a p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD) inhibitor, which is absorbed through root and basal stem of weeds so cause bleaching of newly developing leaves. Benzobicyclon was very effective to control Scirpus juncoides, Monochoria vaginalis, sedges and broadleaves weeds, so it have been developed various formulation like a suspension concentrate (SC), a water dispersible granule (WG), a granule (GR) and a DT (tablet for Direct application). During recently 6 years, benzobicyclon-mixtures herbicides have been registered over than 54 products in paddy fields. Herbicidal efficacy by formulations of benzobicyclon and its mixture herbicides were highest in DT, followed by SC and GR. Herbicidal efficacy of the kaolin and $CaCO_3$ carrier of GR was better and stable than that of talc and bentonite carrier. Growth and yield of rice were not affected much by formulations, application rates and rice cultivation methods.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.93-100
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• 1995

This experiment was carried out to investigate how to effect the application of nitrogen, phosphate and potassium on the vegetation and dry matter yield in the mixed sward of orchardgrass and crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis [L.] Scop.). The experimental sward wa5 consisted of eight plots of non-application, P, K, PK, N. NK, NP and NPK. These plots were sown with seeds mixture of orchardgrass 17.5 kglha and crabgrass 17.5 kg/ ha on 22 April 1975 in the forage experimental field of Kangwon National University, Chunchon, Korea, and were cut four times from 6 July to 18 November 1975. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. In orchardgrass density measured after summering, the plot of nitrogen applied without phosphate marked only 3 1.0% of the plot of nitrogen applied with phosphate while in crabgrass density measured at that time the plot of nitrogen applied without phosphate marked as high as 112.5% of the plot of nitrogen applied with phosphate. 2. Application of phosphate and potassium improved wintering record of orchardgrass. In orchardgrass density measured after wintering, the plot of nitrogen applied without phosphate marked only 9.7% of the plot of nitrogen applied with phosphate, and the plot of NP applied without K marked 63.6% of the plot of NP applied with K. 3. In surface coverage of orchardgrass, in midsummer any plot applied with nitrogen regardless of accompanying with or not with phosphate wa5 0%, but in autumn the plot of nitrogen applied with phosphate was 56-58% and the plot of nitrogen applied without phosphate was 5%. While after wintering the plot of nitrogen applied with phosphate was 28-37% though the plot of nitrogen applied without phosphate was only 0.3-0.6%; the application of phosphate improved summering and wintering record of orchardgrass. 4. Application of phosphate demonstrated remarkable effect on increasing dry matter yield in orchardgrass. In year total yield of orchardgrass, the plot of nitrogen applied without phosphate marked as low as 11.3% of the plot of nitrogen applied with phosphate, but in crabgrass the plot of nitrogen applied without phosphate was almost equal to the plot of nitrogen applied with phosphate showing 97.5% of this plot. 5. Application of potassium was not effective on increasing dry matter yield of orchardgrass but its application was effective on increasing dry matter yield of crabgrass. In dry matter yield of orchardgrass significant difference was not found between NP plot and NPK plot, but in dry matter yield of crabgrass NPK plot recorded significantly higher yield compared with NP plot (p<0.05). 6. In botanical composition of the plot of nitrogen applied with phosphate, crabgrass recorded 46.5-50.5% in early summer (July) but in midsummer (August) it dominated the plot recording 85.6-91.2%. 7. In botanical composition based on the year total yield, in the plot of nitrogen applied with phosphate orchardgrass marked 21.7-26.2% and crabgrass recorded 73.8-78.370, but in the plot of nitrogen applied without phosphate orchardgrass marked only 3.5% being overwhelmingly dominated by crabgrass which recorded 96.5%. 8. Application of nitrogen not accompanied with phosphate strengthened competitive power of the crabgrass unilaterally, making orchardgrass be oppressed fatally by the crabgrass.