• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.150-155
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• 2004

The free radical scavenging activities and the protective effects of Rhus javanica extracts against oxidative damage induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated. n-Hexane, ethyl acetate and water fractions were prepared from a methanol extract. DPPH radical, superoxide anion and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities were estimated. Intracellular ROS formation was quantified using fluorescent probes, 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate (DCFH-DA) for hydroxyl radical and dihydroethidium (DHE) for superoxide anion. The oxidative DNA damage was investigated by the comet assay in HepG$_2$ cells exposed either to $H_2O$$_2$ or to menadione. The highest $IC_{50}$/ values for DPPH radical scavenging activity was found in the ethyl acetate fraction with a value of 5.38 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. Cells pretreated with $\geq$ 1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL of the ethyl acetate extract had significantly increased cell viability compared to control cells, which were not pretreated with the extract. Intracellular ROS formation and DNA damage in HepG$_2$ cells, which were pretreated with the various concentrations of Rhus javanica ethyl acetate extract and then incubated either with $H_2O$$_2$ or with menadione, reduced in a dose-dependent manner. These findings suggest that Rhus javanica might have biologically active components which have strong protective effects against ROS induced oxidative damages to the biomolecules, such as cell membranes and DNA.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.213-218
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• 2009

We examined the intracellular antioxidative effects of 20 Arctic seaweed extracts in Raw 264.7 cells. Each seaweed species was subjected to extraction using acetone/dichloromethane and methanol, respectively, after which the extracts were combined and used as the test sample. The antioxidant ability of all 20 seaweeds extracts was evaluated using four different activity tests, including the degree of occurrence of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), $ONOO^-$, and lipid peroxidation in Raw 264.7 cells, as well as the extent of oxidative damage of genomic DNA purified from Raw 264.7 cells. Crude extracts from Monostroma obscurum, Alaria esculnta, Laminaria digitata, Desmarestia aculeata, Chorda filum, Ptilota seriata, Phycidrys rubens, Devaleraea ramentacea and Palmaria palmata exhibited significant scavenging effects on the generation of intracellular ROS. Among them, Monostroma obscurum and Phycidrys rubens significantly inhibited membrane lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidation. Moreover, Phycidrys rubens exhibited scavenging effects on peroxynitrite generated from SIN-1.

• ALGAE
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.205-213
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• 2012

The thermostability of antioxidant activity of dieckol, a phlorotannin isolated from brown seaweed Ecklonia cava was investigated. The thermostable antioxidant properties of dieckol were evaluated at 30, 60, and $90^{\circ}C$ for 7 days using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities, and comparing its performance to that of ascorbic acid. The intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity and apoptotic body formation were investigated using DCF-DA assay and nuclear staining with Hoechst 33342, propidium iodide and flow cytometry. Dieckol treated at different temperatures during 7 days showed stable scavenging activities on towards DPPH and hydroxyl radicals. In addition, dieckol showed a stable protective effect against $H_2O_2$-induced apoptotic body formation in Vero cells. On the other hand, the radical scavenging activities and intracellular ROS scavenging activities of ascorbic acid, used as a positive control, were significantly decreased at $60^{\circ}C$ and $90^{\circ}C$ from on the 4th day and 3rd days, respectively. In conclusion, the results indicated that food grade antioxidant extracts containing dieckol derived from E. cava remain a stable during the temperatures encountered during the processing of food and cosmetics.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.343-349
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• 2007

To investigate the effect of ethanol extract of Saxifraga stolonifera MEERBURGH on skin care, we measured anti-oxidant and anti-aging activity. S. stolonifera ethanol extract itself had anti-oxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner in DPPH radical scavenging. Silica dose-dependently increased the intracellular ROS generation in RAW 264.7 cells. S. stolonifera ethanol extract inhibited silica-induced intracellular superoxide anion generation, $H_2O_2$ and hydroperoxide generation in RAW 264.7 cells. S. stolonifera ethanol extract significantly inhibited both hyaluronidase and elastase activity, also significantly inhibited MMP-1(collagenase) activity as well. In NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells, S. stolonifera ethanol extract significantly increased collagen-like polymer synthesis, which suggesting the S. stolonifera ethanol extract might be used as hydration and anti-wrinkle agents. From the above results, it is suggested that the main ingredients of S. stolonifera ethanol extract play an important role in anti-oxidant and anti-aging activity.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.500-507
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• 2007

To investigate the possibility of development as a whitening agent using bamboo extracts (Phyllostachys nigra var. henonis), we measured DPPH assay, NBT/XO assay, intracellular ROS scavenging assay, tyrosinase assay and MSH-induced melanin production in B-16 cells. Bamboo extracts had dose-dependently anti-oxidant activity in DPPH, NBT/XO and intracellular ROS assay. Bamboo extracts appear to inhibit xanthine oxidase directly. Bamboo extracts inhibited not only purified tyrosinase activity but also inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16 melanoma cells stimulated by $1{\mu}M\;{\alpha}$-MSH. Anti-oxidant activity and cytotoxicity of ethyl acetate fraction was more potent than those of water fraction, whereas whitening effect of water fraction was stronger than ethyl acetate fraction. Therefore, these results suggest that water fraction of bamboo extracts may be useful for the development as whitening agents reducing cytotoxicity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.967-972
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• 2011

The methanolic product of assai(Euterpe oleracea Mart) scavenged the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, and prevented lipid peroxidation. The radical-scavenging activity of assai palm methanolic extract protected the viability of peritoneal macrophage cells exposed to hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$). Furthermore, the extract reduced the apoptotic-cell formation induced by $H_2O_2$, as demonstrated by the decrease in the number of hypodiploid cells and in the apoptotic-cell body formation. These results indicate that assai palm methanolic extract has radical-scavenging activity and ameliorates $H_2O_2$-induced cytotoxicity.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.469-476
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• 2009

The antioxidant activities of two crude extracts ($CH_2Cl_2$ and MeOH) and their solvent fractions (n-hexane, 85% aq. MeOH, n-BuOH, and $H_2O$ fractions) from Corydalis heterocarpa were determined by evaluating authentic $ONOO^-$ and $ONOO^-$ generated from SIN-1 (3-morpholinsydnonimine) in vitro as well as by measuring the degree of occurrence of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO). Scavenging activities of solvent fractions on authentic $ONOO^-$ increased in the order of n-BuOH > 85% aq. MeOH > $H_2O$ > n-hexane fractions, while those on $ONOO^-$ generated from SIN-1 increased in the order of n-BuOH > 85% aq. MeOH > $H_2O$ > n-hexane fractions. In addition, all solvent fractions effectively inhibited the intracellular ROS and NO levels. The n-BuOH fraction especially exhibited the strongest ROS scavenging effect. Further purification of n-BuOH fraction led to the isolation of cnidimoside A, which presented the potent ROS scavenging effect at $10\;{\mu}M$. From these results, extracts of C. heterocarpa and its component, cnidimoside A, were predicted to be potentially useful as ingredients for protecting against oxidation.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.395-400
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• 2012

To investigate the possibility of development as a whitening agent using arctigenin, we measured DPPH assay, NBT/XO assay, intracellular ROS scavenging assay, tyrosinase assay and MSH-induced melanin production in B16 melanoma cells. Arctigenin dose-dependently had anti-oxidant activity in DPPH, NBT/XO and intracellular ROS assay. Although arctigenin did not inhibit purified tyrosinase activity, it dose-dependently inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanin production in B16 melanoma cells stimulated by $1{\mu}M$ ${\alpha}$-MSH. In particular, arctigenin at a concentration $100{\mu}M$ inhibited ${\alpha}$-MSH-stimulated tyrosinase activity and melanin production by $50.9{\pm}2.9%$ and $69.0{\pm}6.5%$ respectively. And typical tyrosinase inhibitor, arbutin, inhibited $57.7{\pm}2.9%$ and $65.1{\pm}5.0%$ respectively. Such an similar inhibitory effect of arctigenin and arbutin in B16 melanoma cells may be due to the inhibition of MSH signal pathway rather than the direct inhibition of tyrosinase. Therefore, these results suggest that arctigenin may be useful for the development as whitening agents.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.449-456
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• 2008

The flowers of Buddleja officinalis are used to treat sore and damaged eyes, a condition which is similar to skin wounds. However, whether it has any protective effect on oxidative DNA damage and cell death induced by hydroxyl radical remains unclear. In this study, we evaluated the protective effects of the extracts against oxidative DNA and cell damage caused by hydroxyl radical. DPPH radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide and intracellular ROS scavenging assay, and $Fe^{2+}$ chelating assay were used to evaluate the antioxidant properties. phi X 174 RF I plasmid DNA and intracellular DNA migration assay were used to evaluate the protective effect against oxidative DNA damage. Lastly, MTT assay and lipid peroxidation assay were used to evaluate the protective effect against oxidative cell damage. It was found to prevent intracellular DNA and the normal cells from oxidative damage caused by hydroxyl radical via antioxidant activities. These results suggest that Buddleja officinalis may exert the inhibitory effect on ROS-induced carcinogenesis by blocking oxidative DNA damage and cell death.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.287-292
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• 2018

Objective: The aim of present study was to assess the anti-oxidant potential of water-soluble peptides (WSPs) extract derived from buffalo and cow milk Cheddar cheeses at different stages of ripening. Methods: The antioxidant potential of WSPs extract was assessed through 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6sulfonic acid (ABTS)-radical scavenging activity. In addition, impact of WSPs extract on cell viability and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in human colon adenocarcinoma Caco-2 (tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced) cell lines was also evaluated. Results: The ABTS-radical scavenging activity increased progressively with ripening period and dose-dependently in both cheeses. However, peptide extract from buffalo milk Cheddar cheese demonstrated relatively higher activity due to higher contents of water-soluble nitrogen. Intracellular ROS production in Caco-2 cells decreased significantly (p<0.05) till 150th day of cheese ripening and remained constant thereafter. Additionally, dose-dependent response of WSPs extract on antioxidant activity was noticed in the Caco-2 cell line. Conclusion: On the basis of current in vitro study, the Cheddar cheese WSPs extract can protect intestinal epithelium against oxidative stress due to their antioxidant activity.