• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.45-54
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• 1992

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.22-31
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• 2011

Objectives: We examined gender differential changes in employment-related health inequalities according to occupational position (professional/nonprofessional) in South Korea during the last decade. Methods: Data were taken from four rounds of Social Statistical Surveys of South Korea (1995, 1999, 2003, and 2006) from the Korean National Statistics Office. The total study population was 55435 male and 33913 female employees aged 25-64. Employment arrangements were divided into permanent, fixed-term, and daily employment. Results: After stratification according to occupational position (professional/nonprofessional) and gender, different patterns in employment - related health inequalities were observed. In the professional group, the gaps in absolute and relative employment inequalities for poor self-rated health were more likely to widen following Korea's 1997 economic downturn. In the nonprofessional group, during the study period, graded patterns of employment-related health inequalities were continuously observed in both genders. Absolute health inequalities by employment status, however, decreased among men but increased among women. In addition, a remarkable increase in relative health inequalities was found among female temporary and daily employees (p = 0.009, < 0.001, respectively), but only among male daily employees (p = 0.001). Relative employment-related health inequalities had clearly widened for female daily workers between 2003 and 2006 (p = 0.047). The 1997 Korean economic downturn, in particular, seemingly stimulated a widening gap in employment health inequalities. Conclusions: Our study revealed that whereas absolute health inequalities in relation to employment status increased in the professional group, relative employment-related health inequalities increased in the nonprofessional group, especially among women. In view of the high concentration of female nonstandard employees, further monitoring of inequality should consider gender specific patterns according to employee's occupational and employment status.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.93-121
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• 2014

In this paper we study generating and proving methods of symmetric inequalities. We analyze various literatures related with proofs of symmetric inequalities. As a result, we can describe generating method of symmetric inequalities, and suggest some symmetric inequalities that are generated by using parameterization to elementary symmetric polynomials. And we are able to classify some proving methods, and show proofs of symmetric inequalities.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.241-251
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• 2005

There has been an enormous increasing trend of widening gap of social inequalities since economic crisis at the end of 1997 in Korea. Since then, Korean society has deteriorated in economic and social conditions; the unemployment rate, temporary or casual workers and absolute poverty have increased. This paper presents the origin of inequalities in work and health in Korea. The origin of inequalities in work begins with the relationship between the capitalist and labourers in the capitalist mode of production. The conception and execution are dissolved in the work process in the capitalist mode of production. Thus, captitalists become control over ther labour process from workers. An alienation of the work process from the workers. The distribution of work is the majour source if inequalities in many countries as well as Korea. This paper presents the increasing tendency of unhealthy states such as mortality, early death, morbidity, physical work load, workplace injury amongst the under-privileged: ordinary workers, unemployed people, casual workers and socially deprived people in Korea.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• 제28권1_2호
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• pp.465-472
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• 2010

The purpose of this article is to introduce a new generalized class of the Wiener-Hopf equations and a new generalized class of the variational inequalities. Using the projection technique, we show that the generalized Wiener-Hopf equations are equivalent to the generalized variational inequalities. We use this alternative equivalence to suggest and analyze an iterative scheme for finding the solution of the generalized Wiener-Hopf equations and the solution of the generalized variational inequalities. The results presented in this paper may be viewed as significant and improvement of the previously known results. In special, our results improve and extend the resent results of M.A. Noor and Z.Y.Huang[M.A. Noor and Z.Y.Huang, Wiener-Hopf equation technique for variational inequalities and nonexpansive mappings, Appl. Math. Comput.(2007), doi:10.1016/j.amc.2007.02.117].

• 대한수학회보
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• 제45권4호
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• pp.763-780
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• 2008

An Ostrowski type inequality is developed for estimating the deviation of the integral mean of an absolutely continuous function, and the linear combination of its values at k + 1 partition points, on a segment of (real) linear spaces. Several particular cases are provided which recapture some earlier results, along with the results for trapezoidal type inequalities and the classical Ostrowski inequality. Some inequalities are obtained by applying these results for semi-inner products; and some of these inequalities are proven to be sharp.

• 대한수학회논문집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.247-258
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• 2007

In this paper a new class of system of generalized nonlinear variational inequalities involving strongly monotone, relaxed co coercive and relaxed generalized monotone mappings in Hilbert spaces is introduced and studied. Based on the projection method, an equivalence between the system of generalized nonlinear variational inequalities and the fixed point problem is established, which is used to suggest some new iterative algorithms for computing approximate solutions of the system of generalized nonlinear variational inequalities. A few sufficient conditions which ensure the existence and uniqueness of solution of the system of generalized nonlinear variational inequalities are given, and the convergence analysis of iterative sequences generated by the algorithms are also discussed.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.419-421
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• 2007

Objectives : The aim of this study was to introduce the concept of health inequalities, and to discuss the underlying assumptions and ethical backgrounds associated with the issue, as well as the theoretical and practical implications of health inequalities. Methods : Based on a review of the literature, we summarize the concepts of health inequalities and inequities and discuss the underlying assumptions and ethical backgrounds associated with these issues from the view of social justice theory. We then discuss the theoretical and practical implications of health inequalities. Results : Health inequality involves ethical considerations, such as judgments on fairness, and it could provide a sensitive barometer to reflect the fairness of social arrangements. Discussion on health inequalities could deepen our understanding of the social etiology of health and provide a basis for the development of comprehensive and integrative social policies. Conclusions : Health equity is not a social goal in and of itself, but should be considered as a part of a broader effort to seek social justice.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.283-291
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• 2014

A remarkably large number of inequalities involving the fractional integral operators have been investigated in the literature by many authors. Very recently, Baleanu et al. [2] gave certain interesting fractional integral inequalities involving the Gauss hypergeometric functions. Using the same fractional integral operator, in this paper, we present some (presumably) new fractional integral inequalities whose special cases are shown to yield corresponding inequalities associated with Saigo, Erd$\acute{e}$lyi-Kober and Riemann-Liouville type fractional integral operators. Relevant connections of the results presented here with those earlier ones are also pointed out.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.609-619
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• 2001

This cross-sectional study is to measure the distribution of self-reported health by income, house type, level of education, income satisfaction and self reported social class in an effort to compare the level of health inequality in Korea. The data used in the research are the Social Statistics Survey undertaken in 1999. The correlation coefficient was used to measure the association between inequalities in health and inequalities in socioeconomic status. The correlation coefficient was the most significant between self-reported health and the level of education and income satisfaction. As for the health-related behavior, hypertension, smoking, overweight and drinking were shown to be highly correlated with self-reported health.