• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.140-146
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• 2014

This experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of different housing systems on behavioral activities, welfare and meat quality of fast-growing broilers. Two hundred broilers were allocated into two housing systems: indoor housing vs indoor with outdoor access. Their general behavior (feeding, drinking, fighting, standing, lying, walking, investigating, dust-bathing and preening) was observed, and tonic immobility, fluctuating asymmetry of legs and wings were measured, and meat quality was analyzed. The results showed that the indoor-housed broilers with outdoor access had significant higher standing, walking, investigating, dust-bathing and preening than those indoor only. However, farming system was not found to significantly affect their feeding, drinking and fighting activities (p>0.05). The value of FA of tibia length of the broilers with outdoor access was significantly lower than that of the indoor-housed birds ($1.57{\pm}1.30$ vs $2.76{\pm}1.40$, p<0.05), while no difference was found for the value of FA in tibia diameter and wing length (p>0.05). TI of the broilers with outdoor access was 165.5 that was significantly higher than that (147.2) of the indoor birds (p<0.05). However, death rate in the outdoor run groups was significantly higher than that of the indoor ones ($2.0{\pm}0.81$ vs $4.0{\pm}0.82$, p<0.05). Meat quality was not affected by the two farming systems. It can be concluded that the results of this study may suggest that the indoor housing with outdoor access provides enriched environment for broilers and facilitates the expression of natural behaviors of the broilers but resulted in poorer performance and higher death rate.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.193-201
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• 2001

Acidic air pollutants were collected to characterize indoor air quality in a residential area in the summer. All indoor and outdoor samples were measured simultaneously using an annular denuder system(ADS) in Seoul. The data set was collected from July 26 to September 11, 1997. The mean indoor/outdoor ratios measured from this study were : 0.34 for $HNO_3$; 0.91 for $HNO_2$; 0.22 for $SO_2$; 1.34 for $NH_3$; 0.78 for $PM_{2.5}(d_p$ <2.5 $mutextrm{m}$); 0.90 for $SO_{4}^{2-}$; 0.68 for $NO_{3}^{-}$ and 0.79 for $NH_{4}^{+}$. Indoor concentrations of $HNO_3$, $SO_2$ and $PM_{2.5}$ were highly correlated with the outdoor concentrations. The relationship between indoor and outdoor air is dependent, to a large extent, on the rate of air exchange between these two environments. A tracer-gas decay technique with sulfur hexafluoride ($SF_{6}$) as a tracer gas was used to estimate the air exchange of a private home in the summer. The average air exchange rate was estimated to be 23.7 hr(sup)-1. The deposition velocities for $SO_{4}^{2-}$, $NO_{3}^{-}$ and $NH_{4}^{+}$ calculated were 0.17, 0.69 abd 0.39 cm/sec, respectively.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.10-16
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• 2014

Objectives: This pilot study assessed secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure in smoking and non-smoking nightclubs in Seoul, Korea by measuring the concentration of particulate matter smaller than $2.5{\mu}m$ ($PM_{2.5}$). Methods: This comparative study was conducted in three nightclubs in Seoul. While one non-smoking nightclub was measured on weekdays and weekends, different smoking nightclubs were measured on weekdays and weekends. The concentration of $PM_{2.5}$ was observed using a real-time monitor over an average of three hours. The number of people in the clubs was also estimated. Settled dust was collected in a smoking and a non-smoking nightclub and analyzed for NNK concentration. Results: The $PM_{2.5}$ concentration in the smoking nightclubs was higher than those found in the non-smoking nightclub by 26 times on weekdays and three times on weekends. Indoor $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was correlated with the number of people in the smoking nightclubs. Relatively high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration was observed in the non-smoking nightclub on weekends. NNK concentration in the smoking nightclub was 7 times higer than in the non-smoking nightclub. Conclusion: Smoking in nightclubs caused high $PM_{2.5}$ concentration. Although the non-smoking nightclub had a lower $PM_{2.5}$ concentration, $PM_{2.5}$ concentration on weekends was higher due to the smoking room. Complete prohibition of smoking in nightclubs can protect patrons from secondhand smoke exposure.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.241-247
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• 2010

Recently, indoor air quality (IAQ) has been one of the major concerns of people. Indoor parking lots are subject to be exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants emitted from vehicles. This study was performed to investigate indoor air quality (IAQ) at indoor parking lots. Sampling sites were selected 5 indoor parking lots. Target indoor air quality parameters include a number of criteria pollutants such PM$_{10}$, CO, CO$_2$, and HCHO. In addition, a variation of IAQ according to ventilation system operating was measured at C site (underground parking lot). In general, all pollutants were maintained below indoor air quality maintenance standards. The indoor air quality at indoor parking lots was affected by the availability of the ventilation facility and their operation frequency. At the underground parking lot (C site) with ventilation system, TVOC concentration according to ventilation system operating were found to be lower operating (488.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$) than non-operating (1,401.2 ${\mu}g/m^3$).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.7725-7730
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• 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure inside selected public places to provide basic data for the development and promotion of smoke-free policies. Methods: Between March and May 2009, an SHS exposure survey was conducted. $PM_{2.5}$ levels and air nicotine concentrations were measured in hospitals (n=5), government buildings (4), restaurants (10) and entertainment venues (10) in Seoul, Republic of Korea, using a common protocol. Field researchers completed an observational questionnaire to document evidence of active smoking (the smell of cigarette smoke, presence of cigarette butts and witnessing people smoking) and administered a questionnaire regarding building characteristics and smoking policy. Results: Indoor $PM_{2.5}$ levels and air nicotine concentrations were relatively higher in monitoring sites where smoking is not prohibited by law. Entertainment venues had the highest values of $PM_{2.5}$(${\mu}g/m^3$) and air nicotine concentration(${\mu}g/m^3$), which were 7.6 and 67.9 fold higher than those of hospitals, respectively, where the values were the lowest. When evidence of active smoking was present, the mean $PM_{2.5}$ level was 104.9 ${\mu}g/m^3$, i.e., more than 4-fold the level determined by the World Health Organization for 24-hr exposure (25 ${\mu}g/m^3$). Mean indoor air nicotine concentration at monitoring sites with evidence of active smoking was 59-fold higher than at sites without this evidence (2.94 ${\mu}g/m^3$ vs. 0.05 ${\mu}g/m^3$). The results were similar at all specific monitoring sites except restaurants, where mean indoor $PM_{2.5}$ levels did not differ at sites with and without active smoking evidence and indoor air nicotine concentrations were higher in sites without evidence of smoking. Conclusion: Nicotine was detected in most of our monitoring sites, including those where smoking is prohibited by law, such as hospitals, demonstrating that enforcement and compliance with current smoke-free policies in Korea is not adequate to protect against SHS exposure.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제28권5호
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• pp.629-636
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• 2008

본 연구는 비육기 이전에 초지에서 방목한 한우육과 옥내에서 비육한 한우육의 품질을 비교하고자 실시하였다. 방목사육구는 $28{\pm}4$개월령 암소 5두를 7개월 동안(4월-11월)방목한 다음 다시 6개월 동안 옥내에서 비육하였으며, 옥내사육구는 6개월령 거세우 10두를 24개월 동안 옥내에서 비육하였다. 시료로 등심(M. longissimus)부위를 채취하여 $4{\pm}0.2^{\circ}C$에서 7일 동안 저장하였다. 도체성적은 방목우의 도체중, 지육율, 배최장근단면적 및 육질등급이 옥내사육우보다 낮았으나(p<0.05), 조직감 및 성숙도는 방목우가 높았다(p<0.05). 조지방 및 n-6 지방산, n-6/n-3은 방목우가 낮았으나(p<0.05), n-3 지방산, 포화지방산은 방목우가 높았다(p<0.05). pH 및 보수력은 방목우가 낮았으며(p<0.05), 전자코에 의한 향기패턴은 두 처리구들간에 뚜렷한 차이를 보였다. 저장중 품질은 방목우의 지방 및 육색소 산화안정성이 낮았으며, 옥내사육 우보다 어둡고 덜 붉은 육색을 나타내었다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.645-653
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• 2004

Indoor air quality is affected by source strength of pollutants, ventilation rate, decay rate, outdoor level, and so on. Although technologies measuring these factors exist directly, direct measurements of all factors are not always practical in most field studies. The purpose of this study was to develop an alternative method to estimate these factors by application of multiple measurements. For the total duration of 30 days, daily indoor and outdoor $NO_2$ concentrations were measured in 30 houses in Brisbane, Australia, and for 21 days in 40 houses in Seoul, Korea, respectively. Using a box model by mass balance and linear regression analysis, penetration factor (ventilation divided by sum of air exchange rate and deposition constant) and source strength factor (emission rate divided by sum of air exchange rate and deposition constant) were calculated, Sub-sequently, the ventilation and source strength were estimated. In Brisbane, the penetration factors were $0.59\pm0.14$ and they were unaffected by the presence of a gas range. During sampling period, geometric mean of natural ventilation was estimated to be $l.l0\pm1.5l$ ACH, assuming a residential $NO_2$ decay rate of 0.8 hr^{-1}$ in Brisbane. In Seoul, natural ventilation was $1.15\pm1.73$ ACH with residential $NO_2$ decay rate of 0.94 hr^{-1}$ Source strength of $NO_2$ in the houses with gas range $(12.7\pm9.8$ ppb/hr) were significantly higher than those in houses with an electric range $(2.8\pm2,6$ ppb/hr) in Brisbane. In Seoul, source strength in the houses with gas range were $l6.8\pm8.2$ ppb/hr. Conclusively, indoor air quality using box model by mass balance was effectively characterized.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.295-304
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• 2023

Background: Adolescents are relatively more sensitive than adults to exposure to indoor pollutants. The indoor air quality in classrooms where students spend time together must therefore be managed at a safe level because it can affect the health of students. Objectives: In this study, three types of green-wall models were applied to classrooms where students spend a long time in a limited space, and the resulting effects on reducing PM were evaluated. Methods: In the middle school classrooms which were selected as the experimental subjects, IoT-based indoor air quality monitoring equipment was installed for real-time monitoring. Three types of plant models (passive, active, and active+light) were installed in each classroom to evaluate the effects on improving indoor air quality. Results: The concentration of PM in the classroom is influenced by outdoor air quality, but repeated increases and decreases in concentration were observed due to the influence of students' activities. There was a PM reduction effect by applying the green-wall model. There was a difference in PM reduction efficiency depending on the type of green-wall model, and the reduction efficiency of the active model was higher than the passive model. Conclusions: The active green-wall model can be used as an efficient method of improving indoor air quality. Additionally, more research is needed to increase the efficiency of improving indoor air quality by setting conditions that can stimulate the growth of each type of plant.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제20권4호통권51호
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• pp.365-374
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• 2005

Ambient air particulate matters are classified into two distinct modes in sire distribution, namely the coarse and fine particles. Correlation between high particulate concentration and adverse effect on human populations has long been recognized. However, the toxicology of these adverse efforts has not been clarified. We investigated the genotoxic effect of PM 2.5 collected from urban area in Seoul by comet assay (A549 cells), CBMN assay (CHO-K1 cells) and EROD-microbioassay (H4IIE cells). Results from in vitro micronucleus assay and comet assay showed that PM 2.5 samples collected from traffic area, residential area and indoor air induced chromosomal damage and DNA breakage in a non-cytotoxic dose. The complex mixture effect of these PM 2.5 extracts was quantified by EROD-microbioassay in terms of its bio-TEQ (biologiral -TCDD equivalent concentration) which was 70.87$\pm$28.07, 93.55$\pm$21.80 and 14.31 $\pm$ 1.10 ng/g-PM 2.5 in traffic area, residental area and indoor air samples, respectively. Conclusively, we suggested that PM 2.5 collected from traffic area and residential area contains CYPIA inducer and genotoxic materials.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2022

In this study, in order to grasp the current situation of indoor environmental pollution and indoor ventilation in one-room around the university in the post-corona era, we analyzed the experimental data and conducted a questionnaire survey on university students. By analyzing the content, the effects of formaldehyde, dust and other pollution on the human body, which are usually not easily detectable, are digitized and more easily taken into account. Among the experimental results, the concentration of VOC and HCHO, gas pollutants among indoor pollutants, exceeded the recommended criteria of the Ministry of Environment in most studio apartments. Overall, the average CO₂ concentration was lower than the Ministry of Environment's maintenance standard (1000ppm), but it was relatively high in summer and winter, and it is believed to be caused by cooling and heating in an enclosed space. The levels of PM2.5 and PM10, particulate pollutants, increased in November and December, and it is believed that ventilation defects due to degradation in external temperature. There was no clear difference between the two types, and there was a very high correlation between PM2.5 and PM10, HCHO and VOC. It was found that temperature was closely correlated with all sources except CO₂, and humidity was closely correlated with all sources except PM2.5 and PM10. Health risk assessment was conducted for formaldehyde. The average ECR of studio R2 in May was 3.91E^-4, and the ECR figure in September was 3.65E^-4, which was very high compared to other residential spaces. The R2 level was calculated as 4 people per 10,000 people in the lifetime risk of cancer of residents, exceeding the allowable risk. R8 also showed higher ECR results than other spaces after R2, especially in October, 2.01E^-4, six times higher than R7 measured in October, and 1.87E^-4 in July, four times higher than R9.