• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.1033-1037
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• 1999

This study was carried out to compare the distribution pattern of the bombesin immunoreactive neurons of the hypothalamic nucleus in the rat and Mongolian gerbil. The bombesin immunoreactive neurons in the rat were located in the dorsal part of the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus, but in the Mongolian gerbil in the compact part of dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. From this results, we could get an evidence that there were some differences in the distribution of peptide between rat and Mongolian gerbil.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.727-733
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• 2001

The present study was conducted to identify the mechanism about the regulation of appetite by examining the expression patterns of neuropeptide Y in the hypothalamus of mice either fasting mouse for 24 hours or with anorexia mutant mouse. In order to investigate the patterns of expression of neurpeptide Y, immunohistochemistry was employed for measurements at the tissue level, along with the molecular biological techniques of reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) and dot blotting. The results of this study are as follows. The level of expression of neruopeptide Y, a neuropeptide known to enhance appetite, was shown to be lowered in the arcuate nucleus(ARC), paraventricular nucleus(PVN), lateral hypothalamic area(LHA), and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus(DMN) in both the fasting and anorexia mutant groups when measured via immunohistochemistry, a tissue-level method. RT-PCR and dot blotting, the molecular biological methods employed in this study, revealed that the level of neuropeptide Y mRNA in the entire hypothalamus was similar in the control and fasting groups and lower in the anorexia mutant group. The results of the present study showed that while the levels of expression of the neuropeptide Y in the various hypothalamic regions studied did not exhibit regular increases or decreases when measured immunohistochemically. But the entire hypothalamus via molecular biological methods showed that the changes in these levels were more definite in the anorexia mutant group than in the fasting group.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.88-93
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• 2007

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is an orexigenic and hypothermic peptide. To understand its role in hypothermic conditions, male rats were placed in a $24^{\circ}C$ or $4^{\circ}C$ air chamber for 1.5 h. The expression of c-Fos protein, and NPY mRNA and protein, was analyzed in the hypothalamus 1 h-2 h later. The cold treatment increased the number of c-Fos-immunoreactive cells in the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN) and arcuate nucleus (ARC). At the same time it decreased the density of NPY-immunoreactive components in the PVN, dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and ARC, as well as of NPY transcripts in the PVN and ARC. No colocalization of c-Fos with NPY was detected. These results suggest that short-term cold exposure should reduce indirectly NPY production in some hypothalamic nuclei to facilitate thermogenesis without inducing feeding behavior.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.805-817
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• 2009

This study was to investigate central localization of neurons projecting to the urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints(Wijung, $BL_{40}$) and neurons of immunoreactive to hormones and hormone receptors regulating urinary bladder function by using peudorabies virus(PRV). In this experiment, Bartha's strain of pseudorabies virus was used in rats to trace central localization of urinary bladder-related neurons and urinary bladder-related acupoints($BL_{40}$) which can regulate urinary system. PRV was injected into the urinary bladder and acupoints($BL_{40}$) related urinary system. After six days survival of rats, mainly common labeled neurons projecting to the urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints were identified in spinal cord, medulla, pons and diencephalon by PRV immunohistochemical staining method. First-order PRV labeled neurons projecting to urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints were found in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal cord. Commonly labeled preganglionic neurons were labeled in the lumbosacral spinal cord and thoracic spinal cord. They were found in the lateral horn area(sacral parasympathetic nucleus and intermediolateral nucleus), lamina V-X, intermediomedial nucleus and dorsal column area. The area of sensory neurons projecting to urinary bladder and Wijung($BL_{40}$) was L5-S2 spinal ganglia and T12-L1 spinal ganglia, respectively. In the brainstem, the neurons were labeled most evidently and consistently in the nucleus of tractus solitarius, area postrema, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, reticular nucleus, raphe nuclei(obscurus, magnus and pallidus), C3 adrenalin cells, parapyramidal area(lateral paragigantocellular nucleus), locus coeruleus, subcoeruleus nucleus, A5 cell group, Barrington's nucleus and periaqueductal gray matter. In the diencephalon, PRV labeled neurons were marked mostly in the paraventricular nucleus and a few ones were in the lateral hypothalamic nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, arcuate nucleus, median eminence, perifornical nucleus, periventricular nucleus and suprachiasmatic nucleus. In cerebral cortex, PRV labeled neurons were marked mostly in the frontal cortex, 1,2 area, hind limb area, agranular insular cortex. Immunoreactive neurons to Corticotropin releasiing factor(CRF), Corticotropin releasiing factor-receptor(CRF-R), c-fos and serotonin were a part of labeled areas among the virus-labeled neurons of urinary bladder and Wijung($BL_{40}$). The commonly labeled areas were nucleus tractus solitarius, area postrema, reticular nucleus, raphe nuclei(obscurus, magnus and pallidus), locus coeruleus, A5 cell group, Barrington,s nucleus, arcuate nucleus, paraventricular nucleus, frontal cortex 1, 2 area, hind limb, and perirhinal(agranular insular) cortex. These results suggest that overlapped CNS locations are related with autonomic nuclei which regulate the functions of urinary bladder-relate organs and it was revealed by tracing PRV labeled neurons projecting urinary bladder and urinary bladder-related acupoints. These commonly labeled areas often overlap with the neurons connected with hormones and hormone receptors related to urination.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.261-276
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• 2000

본 실험은 pseudorabies 바이러스 (PRV) 의 Bartha strain 을 안면신경의 측두지, 하지를 지배하는 신경 (좌골신경) 및 상지를 지배하는 신경 (요골, 척골, 정중신경) 에 주입한 후 4 일간의 생존시간이 경과한 후 척수와 뇌를 적출하여 동결절편을 제작한 후 면역조직화학적 염색기법과 X-gal 조직화학 염색법을 시행하여 염색된 신경세포체를 척수와 뇌에 투사된 공통영역을 관찰하고 두침의 영역중 하나인 운동구와 사지와의 관계에 대한 실험적 증거를 제시하고자 시행하였다. 위의 실험에서 얻어진 결과는 아래와 같다. 1. 안면신경의 측두지, 하지를 지배하는 신경 (좌골신경) 및 상지를 지배하는 신경 (요골, 측골, 정중신경) 에서 투사된 공통된 영역은 척수에서 경수의 층판 1-IV, 흉수의 intermediolateral nucleus(IML), dorsal nucleus(D) 및 층판 X, 요수의 층판 IV, V, 천수의 층판 IV, V, IX, X 등의 영역에서 관찰되었고, 뇌줄기에서는 caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus(CVL), nucleus solitary tract(Sol), rostroventrolateral nucleus(RVL), area postrema(AP), raphe nuclei(raphe pallidus, raphe obscurus, raphe magnus), inferior olivary nucleus 의 등쪽부분 (gigantocellular reticular nucleus, Gi), Kolliker-Fuse nucleus(KF), central gray(CG), dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) and A5 영역에 표지된다. 또한 paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus(PRV) 와 lateral hypothalamic reticular nucleus(LH)에서도 관찰되고 locus coeruleus(LC) 와 subcoeruleus nuc!eus(SubCA) 에서도 관찰된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.431-437
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• 2020

The hypothalamus is a crucial organ for the maintenance of appropriate body fat storage. Neurons in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARH) detect energy shortage or surplus via the circulating concentrations of metabolic hormones and nutrients, and then coordinate energy intake and expenditure to maintain energy homeostasis. Malfunction or loss of hypothalamic ARH neurons results in obesity. Accumulated evidence suggests that hypothalamic inflammation is a key pathological mechanism that links chronic overconsumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) with the development of obesity and related metabolic complications. Interestingly, overnutrition-induced hypothalamic inflammation occurs specifically in the ARH, where microglia initiate an inflammatory response by releasing proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in response to excessive fatty acid flux. Upon more prolonged HFD consumption, astrocytes and perivascular macrophages become involved and sustain hypothalamic inflammation. ARH neurons are victims of hypothalamic inflammation, but they may actively participate in hypothalamic inflammation by sending quiescence or stress signals to surrounding glia. In this mini-review, we describe the current state of knowledge regarding the contributions of neurons and glia, and their interactions, to HFD-induced hypothalamic inflammation.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.7
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• pp.600-606
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• 2020

Numerous physiological processes in nature have multiple oscillations within 24 h, that is, ultradian rhythms. Compared to the circadian rhythm, which has a period of approximately one day, these short oscillations range from seconds to hours, and the mechanisms underlying ultradian rhythms remain largely unknown. This review aims to explore and emphasize the implications of ultradian rhythms and their underlying regulations. Reproduction and developmental processes show ultradian rhythms, and these physiological systems can be regulated by short biological rhythms. Specifically, we recently uncovered synchronized calcium oscillations in the organotypic culture of hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARN) kisspeptin neurons that regulate reproduction. Synchronized calcium oscillations were dependent on voltage-gated ion channel-mediated action potentials and were repressed by chemogenetic inhibition, suggesting that the network within the ARN and between the kisspeptin population mediates the oscillation. This minireview describes that ultradian rhythms are a general theme that underlies biological features, with special reference to calcium oscillations in the hypothalamic ARN from a developmental perspective. We expect that more attention to these oscillations might provide insight into physiological or developmental mechanisms, since many oscillatory features in nature still remain to be explored.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.101-121
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• 2000

The purpose of this morphological studies was to investigate the relation to the meridian, acupoint and nerve. The common locations of the spinal cord and brain projecting to the the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were observed following injection of transsynaptic neurotropic virus, pseudorabies virus(PRV), into the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve of the rabbit. After survival times of 96 hours following injection of PRV, the thirty rabbits were perfused, and their spinal cord and brain were frozen sectioned($30{\mu}m$). These sections were stained by PRV immunohistochemical staining method, and observed with light microscope. The results were as follows: 1. In spinal cord, PRV labeled neurons projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were founded in thoracic, lumbar and sacral spinal segments. Densely labeled areas of each spinal cord segment were founded in lamina V, VII, X, intermediolateral nucleus and dorsal nucleus. 2. In medulla oblongata, The PRV labeled neurons projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve were founded in the A1 noradrenalin cells/C1 adrenalin cells/caudoventrolateral reticular nucleus, rostroventrolateral reticular nucleus, medullary reticular nucleus, dorsal motor nucleus of vagus nerve, nucleus tractus solitarius, raphe obscurus nucleus, raphe pallidus nucleus, raphe magnus nucleus, gigantocellular nucleus, lateral paragigantocellular nucleus, principal sensory trigeminal nucleus and spinal trigeminal nucleus. 3. In Pons, PRV labeled neurons were parabrachial nucleus, Kolliker-Fuse nucleus and cochlear nucleus. 4. In midbrain, PRV labeled neurons were founded in central gray matter and substantia nigra. 5. In diencephalon, PRV labeled neurons were founded in lateral hypothalamic nucleus, suprachiasmatic nucleus and paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus. 6. In cerebral cortex, PRV labeled neuron were founded in hind limb area.This results suggest that PRV labeled common areas of the spinal cord projecting to the gallbladder, GB34 and common peroneal nerve may be first-order neurons related to the somatic sensory, viscero-somatic sensory and symapathetic preganglionic neurons, and PRV labeled common area of the brain may be first, second and third-order neurons response to the movement of smooth muscle in gallbladder and blood vessels.These PRV labeled neurons may be central autonomic center related to the integration and modulation of reflex control linked to the sensory system monitoring the internal environment, including both visceral sensation and various chemical and physical qualities of the bloodstream. The present morphological results provide that gallbladder meridian and acupoint may be related to the central autonomic pathways.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.121-125
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to investigate the antinociceptive effects of ginsenosides on toothache. c-Fos immunoreactive (IR) neurons were examined after noxious intrapulpal stimulation (NS) by intrapulpal injection of 2 M KCl into upper and lower incisor pulps exposed by bone cutter in Sprague Dawley rats. The number of Fos-IR neurons was increased in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (Vc) and the transitional region between Vc and subnucleus interpolaris (Vi) by NS to tooth. The intradental NS raised arterial blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). The number of Fos-IR neurons was also enhanced in thalamic ventral posteromedial nucleus (VPMN) and centrolateral nucleus (CLN) by NS to tooth. The intradental NS increased the number of Fos-IR neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) and rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), hypothalamic supraoptic nucleus (SON) and paraventricular nucleus (PVN), central cardiovascular regulation centers. Ginsenosides reduced the number of c-Fos-IR increased by NS to tooth in the trigeminal Vc and thalamic VPMN and CLN. Naloxone, an opioid antagonist, did not block the effect of ginsenoside on the number of Fos-IR neurons enhanced by NS to tooth in the trigeminal Vc and thalamic VPMN and CLN. Ginsenosides ameliorated arterial BP and HR raised by NS to tooth and reduced the number of Fos-IR neurons increased by NS to tooth in the NTS, RVLM, hypothalamic SON, and PVN. These results suggest that ginsenosides have an antinociceptive effect on toothache through non-opioid system and attenuates BP and HR increased by NS to tooth.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.671-681
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• 1995

This study was attempted to investigate the topographical distribution, shape and immunoreactivity of growth hormone-releasing factor(GRF)- and somatostatin(SOM)-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus of the Korean squirrels(Sciurus vulgalis coreae). For the light microscopical examination of immunohistochemistry, the brains were fixed with 4% paraformaldehyde solution by means of intracardiac perfusion. And the frozen sections($40{\mu}m$ thick) were stained immunohistochemically by ABC method. Distribution of GRF immunoreactive neurons($12-17{\mu}m$) was highest in the paraventricular nucleus, moderate in the periventricular and supraoptic nuclei, and low in the arcuate nucleus and lateral hypothalamic area. Their immunoreactive fibers were found very high in the median eminence, moderately in the supraoptic, paraventricular and periventricular nuclei, and low in the arcuate nucleus and lateral hypothalamic area. SOM immunoreactive perikarya($14-18{\mu}m$) were found moderately in the periventricular nucleus near the subependymal layer of the third ventricle, and low in the arcuate and suprachiasmatic nuclei. SOM immunoreactive fibers were found high in the median eminence, and moderately or low in the arcuate and periventricular nuclei.