• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.57-60
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• 2008

Eight compounds, including 2 flavones, luteolin (1) and apigenin (2), 2 flavonols, kaempferol (3) and quercetin (4), and 4 flavonoid glucosides, luteolin-7-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside (5), apigetrin (6), astragalin (7), and isoquercitrin (8), isolated from the whole herb of Sonchus oleraceus L. were analyzed on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. This was the first time to report compounds 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 from the Sonchus oleraceus L. The antioxidant activities of the isolated flavonoids and their glucoside derivatives were evaluated by DPPH free radical-scavenging assay, showing that compounds 1, 3, 4 and 8 exhibited stronger antioxidant activities compared with ${\alpha}$, tocopherol and curcumin. Flavonoids containing more hydroxyl groups exhibited better antioxidant activities. The antioxidant activity of flavonols was superior to their corresponding flavones, and that of aglycone are more potent than their glucoside derivatives.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.188-194
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• 2009

In this study, we evaluated the phytochemical compositions of the fruits of the pear cactus, mulberry, and Korean black raspberry to determine how they related to antioxidant capacity. Specifically, the total soluble polyphenol, flavonoid and anthocyanin contents were determined, and the phenolic compounds were evaluated by HPLC. In addition, the antioxidant capacity was evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), SOD-like activity and nitrate scavenging activity. Korean black raspberry was found to have the highest level of phytochemicals, followed by mulberry and pear cactus (p<0.05). Furthermore, EPR revealed that Korean black raspberry extract (100 ${\mu}g$/mL) removed 78.6% of the superoxide radicals in a xanthin-xanthin oxidase. Additionally, when the removal of hydroxyl radicals was evaluated, the extract of pear cactus showed 50% scavenging activity at 1000 ${\mu}g$/mL. Korean black raspberry extract showed the highest SOD-like activity, which was 44% (p<0.05). Finally, the nitrate scavenging activity of both extracts of mulberry and Korean black raspberry were found to be 93%, while that of the pear cactus was 63% at pH 1.2 (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.208-213
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• 2015

This study was carried out to investigate the biological activities of grass clippings from turfgrass including Zoysia japonica (TG-1), Zoysia matella (TG-2), Agrostis palustris (TG-3), and Poa pratensis (TG-4). The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity was relatively higher in TG-1 and -2. Especially, TG-1 exerted the strongest hydroxyl radical scavenging effect, showing 90.40% at the concentration of 100 μg/ml. In addition, TG-1 inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Helicobactor pylori. TG-1 also showed the highest inhibitory effect of AGS human gastric adenocarcinoma cell growth and nitric oxide production against lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. In conclusion, among the TG extracts, TG-1 has anti-oxidative, anti-microbial, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effect, indicating that TG-1 may be the potential source of functional food.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.644-651
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• 2021

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a fish pathogen responsible for causing enormous economic loss to the aquaculture industry not only in Korea but worldwide. Thus, it is necessary to identify natural compounds that can be used to control the spread of VHSV. In this study, the anti-VHSV activities of five catechol derivatives, i.e., catechol, pyrogallol, 3-methyl catechol, veratrole, and 3-methyl veratrole-extracted from green tea-were assessed. The antiviral activities of these derivatives were found to be dependent on their structure, i.e., the hydroxyl or methoxyl group and their substituent groups-on the benzene ring. Catechol, pyrogallol, and 3-methyl catechol exhibited relatively high 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities than veratrole, and 3-methyl veratrole. Moreover, 3-methyl catechol harboring a methyl substituent group increased the viability of the virus-infected cells and resulted in a 2.86 log reduction in the gene copies of VHSV N (per mL) in real-time PCR analysis. In conclusion, the catechol derivatives harboring hydroxyl groups in their benzene ring exhibited higher antioxidant activities than those harboring the methoxyl groups. However, catechol derivatives with a methyl group at the 3'-position of the benzene ring exhibited higher antiviral activity than those harboring a hydroxyl group. To our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the relationship between the structure and the anti-VHSV activity of catechol derivatives.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.163-172
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to measure the bioactivity and antioxidant activity of peel from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis fructus (GJE). GJE have been known to contain functional materials such as crocin, crocetin, geniposide, gardenosid, geniposidic acid, iridoid glycosides etc. We were separated into GJE peel. After that, we determined proanthocyanidin. GJE peel were extracted by 70% methanol, ethyl acetate (EA) and distilled water (DW) of three solvents. To investigate by the solvent extract of flavonoid content and value as a functional food ingredient of GJE peel through antioxidant activities (DPPH radical scavenging activity, ABTS radical scavenging activity, superoxide dismutase like ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion-chelating capacity) were performed. Solvent extract antioxidant activity of increasing concentrations (0.2, 0.4, 0.6 mg/mL) were significantly increased (p<0.05). GJE peel extracts showed lower activity than positive control (ascorbic acid, BHA, EDTA). These results, by a solvent of peel were found that the relationship with the increase of flavonoid content increased physiological activity. The antioxidant activity of the extract from the other except for the EA extract on peel was observed at a high level. The results suggest that GJE peel can be used as nutraceutical foods and natural antioxidant.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.6 s.67
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• pp.920-924
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• 2004

The beneficial effects of green and fermented tea are generally attributed to some antioxidant activities including superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like ability and scavenging activity originated from their phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Content of total flavonoid of green tea $(413.3\;{\mu}g/g)$ was similar to those of fermented tea $(405.7\;{\mu}g/g)$. Content of total phenol of green tea $(46.8\;{\mu}g/g)$ was higher than those of fermented tea $(23.5\;{\mu}g/g)$. Major catechin compounds of hot water extract in green tea was EGCG, including EGC, Gc, catechin and catechol. EGCG was not detected .in fermented tea. SOD-like ability was increased in proportional to added concentration of hot water extract. The scavenging activities of hydroxyl radical at $3000\;{\mu}g/ml$ of green and fermented teas were found up to $60\%$. Hot water extract of green tea was more effective in scavenging activity than that of fermented tea.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.35-42
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• 2008

To develop physiological functionality of Omija extracted with water was evaluated on antioxidative activity. Omija, high acid material with pH 3.6, contain $57.5{\pm}1.03%$ of moisture, and $18.8{\pm}0.12%$ of crude fat. This material have $12.6{\pm}0.04%$ of carbohydrate and $11.1{\pm}0.07%$ of crude protein as well, but ash and crude protein contents were found less than 10%. 10 mineral contents were also found, too; K and Ca showed the highest level, then Al, Mg, Na and Mn were followed. In composition amino acid contents, glutamic acid took the largest portion, $131.7{\pm}1.3$ mg/100 g, aspartic acid $51.5{\pm}0.6%$, and other composition amino acid under 50%. In case of free sugar contents, 7 types were found. Most of them were glucose and fructose. Total phenolic compounds showed the highest level, $2,862.6{\pm}31.7$ mg/100 g. $197.8{\pm}14.6$ mg/100 g of flavonoid and $225.6{\pm}18.2$ mg/100 g were included. In terms of electron donating ability, radical scavenging ability activated as the amount of Omija extract increased. In particular, Omija extract in 1,000 ${\mu}g/m{\ell}$ demonstrated almost similar electron donating ability, $72.4{\pm}0.21%$, to BHT. It was also found that antioxidant activities of electron donating ability, SOD-like ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging ability and nitrite scavenging ability were highly promoted as Omija extract concentration increased. The nitrite scavenging ability was significant when the extract belonged to strong acid region and doping concentrations increased.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.657-664
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to screen a therapeutic agent with a cognitive function. The inhibitory effect of $Curcuma$ $longa$ hot water extract (CLWE) on the angiotension-converting enzyme and acetylcholinesterase derived from rabbit lungs and neural cells (PC12), as well as its antioxidant effect, was investigated in this study. Thus, for the first time, the direct scavenging effect of CLWE on DPPH radicals, superoxide anions, hydroxyl radicals, lipid peroxidation, reducing power, and the protective effect of DNA oxidation related to oxidative stress was evaluated in vitro. In addition, it was observed that CLWE especially exhibited a scavenging effect on reducing power and superoxide anions in this study. CLWE showed a protective effect on DNA oxidation produced by hydroxyl radicals. Furthermore, CLWE inhibited the activity of angiotensin-converting enzymes above 0.25%. Additionally, the extract inhibited oxidative stress and inducible nitric oxide in neuronal cells. Therefore, these results demonstrated that CLWE has antioxidant activity and neuronal cell protective effects, suggesting that it may have great potential as a natural source for human health.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.527-533
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• 2013

In this study, we established the optimal conditions for obtaining water-soluble extracts with antioxidant activity from Kalopanacis cortex. The extraction conditions tested included cold treatment, extraction time (1, 5, 10, 15, and 24 h), and extraction temperature (55, 75, and $95^{\circ}C$). The highest total polyphenol compound content from water soluble extracts ($612{\mu}g/mL$) was obtained at $95^{\circ}C$ for 15 h after cold treatment. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenger activity was also highest (78.8%) under these conditions, which was comparable to 70.2% of ascorbic acid. The hydroxyl radical scavenging activity (HRSA) was also highest (69.0%) under these conditions, stronger than 56.6% of ascorbic acid. These results may provide critical evidence supporting the use of Kalopanacis cortex as a source of antioxidants in functional foods.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.313-320
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• 2008

Efficiency of a far-infrared radiation (FIR) dryer for drying of citrus by-products (CBPs) was evaluated through their antioxidant activities. The CBPs dried through FIR were enzymatically digested by six carbohydrases (AMG, Celluclast, Pectinase, Termamyl, Ultraflo and Viscozyme) to prepare digests for evaluation of the activities. The total polyphenolic and total flavonoid contents of the digests were determined by colorimetric assays. The AMG digest was selected for the further experiments. The antioxidant potential of the digests were evaluated by DPPH, superoxide, hydroxyl and alkyl radical scavenging activities, $H_2O_2$ scavenging activity, metal chelating, lipid peroxidation inhibition and the reduction of DNA damage. The AMG digest from CBPs dried through FIR at $50^{\circ}C$ showed strong antioxidant activities in DPPH, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, alkyl and metal chelating assays while all the digests showed strong lipid peroxidation activities. Further, enzymatic digests showed remarkable inhibitory activities against $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage. Hence, the data obtained using different in vitro models clearly established the antioxidant potential of enzymatic digests from CBPs dried through FIR. Furthermore, they can be used as a source of natural antioxidants; hence, far-infrared radiation drying is a viable method for transforming wet CBPs into a dried form without destroying the bioactive components.