• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 2005

This study aimed to address problems and suggest solutions in applying seed mixture design criterior of slope revegetation works according to the "Slope revegetation design and guidelines(proposed)" proposed by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation. To do this, a proper thickness of attaching soil media was identified in April experiment where the thickness and slopes varied. The results were as follows. In the test, the coverage rate of plot where exotic grass was not sowed increased with time and was 79.3% after three months of seeding, which indicated less risk of soil erosion. When applying the provisional standards of the plant mix proposed by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation, tree seeds and native plants were found ill in the early stage in all test lands due to exotic grass. This was because exotic grass which grew well in the early stage, could grow densely, so it might hamper the growth of other plants. When slope revegetation were planted and goals were set for herb, shrub and tree dominant mixture types, it was required to shift focus toward nursing up native plants first rather than early plantation of exotic grass.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2015

A manipulation of zoysiagrass's lateral stems and soil-media; used for slope revegetation, is expected to facilitate the production of high-quality grass. To study the influences on the growth of zoysiagrass depending upon various soil-media conditions, two different types of soil are used. The results obtained - through investigation of its cover rates, leaf color and number - are summarized as follows. In mountain regions soil, there are no significant differences in growth and development of grass in treatments: zoysiagrass's lateral stems treatments with 1cm, 2cm, and 3cm soil-media and treatment with only seeding. Zoysiagrass, in most of the treatments, show about the same growth rates, and at the end, fair visual quality. Zoysiagrass's lateral stems treatments with 2cm, 3cm show slightly better growth, however, thickness of soil-media need not be more than 1cm to obtain an expected quality of lawn. In decomposed granite soil, there appears statistical significance in growth of the grass in treatments: zoysiagrass's lateral stems treatments with 1cm, 2cm, and 3cm soil-media and treatment with only seeding. The thicker the soil-media, the better the growth of grass, and that in treatment with seeding-only shows poor quality in general. And therefore, it is efficacious to plant in 3cm soil-media when quick formation of lawn is necessary; however, using 2cm soil-media is ultimately the most cost-efficient way of formation. But, when time allows - that is, more than three months - 1cm soil-media in decomposed granite soil is reasonable to formate just as effective lawn. And so when performing seeding, additional covering, fertilization or increasing the quantity of seed must be considered.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.61-69
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• 2002

This study was conducted to develop revegetation methods for the restoration of the steep slopes by seed attached ripping net revegetation methods. In general, steep slopes with decomposed granite soils and ripping rock are easy to erode by precipitation and impossible to revegetate only using hydroseeding with core net mulching because of poor soil fertility. The Seed Attached Ripping Net Revegetation Methods(SALNRM) will be the most popular and sustainable methods to restore decomposed granite soils and ripping rock exposed slopes. The main results are summarized as follows; 1. The net size with $1.5cm{\times}1.0cm$ density was more suitable for growing plants, and increasing the ratio of the slow release fertilizer was better to make early coverage and to grow germinated plants. 2. The fertilizer bag made by the ratio of Peatmose : Vermiculite : Perlite : Quick release fertilize r : Slow release fertilizer = 10 : 2 : 5 : 3 : 4 (v : v) was the best for plant's growth. 3. According to the seed mixture experiments, even though not using foreign grasses, the SALNRM using native plants can make diverse plant composition. 4. The SALNRM will make same early ground coverage by only using native plants like using foreign grasses. The SALNRM would become the popular revegetation methods to restore decomposed granite soils and ripping rock exposed slopes in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.63-69
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• 1998

The slope revegetation methods in Korea are generally the hydroseeding mixed with perennial herbs, soil, fibers, and fertilizer in consideration of scenic landscape rather than ecological and engineering effect. But perennial herbs can't protect the slope from deep surface erosion and they are not tall enough to create the original naturalness at the boundary parts of existing woodlands. This study is about the slope revegetation method using nutritional propagation capacity of plants and the experimental construction was carried out on the cut-slope of Yongin Hoam C.C. We dug several trenches to a depth of 80cm and at intervals of 150cm from each other. After placing various kinds of live branches(Salix species) into the trench, we backfilled with the excavated soils and finally sprayed water mixed with soil-stabilizer, fertilizer. As six months passed, we made a vegetation research and check the slope surface erosion. Vegetation research was performed in examining the frequency of each block using transect method. 31 kinds of plant species appeared in total area($113.6m^2$) and the dominant species are Setaria viridis, Artemisia rubripes, Persicaria pubescens, Plantago asiatica, Cyperus amuricus, Commelina communis. Among the examined blocks, '아', the top part of the slope, showed the ratio of 1.4 as the highest Alpha-diversity. With regard to life form, therophytes were shown dominant distribution of 58% of total species and neophytes relatively low distribution of 16%. It can be estimated that there is no ecological stabilization of this slope, because of ruderal species' occupation of 74% in total area. Regarding the slope stabilization, the serious surface erosion didn't take place in spite of heavy rainfall this year, but a little surface erosion took place at the block where no other species coming from outside of the site were found.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2023

The current study aims to analyze the vegetation characteristics of the rocky slopes in expressway applied by different types of greening work. A field survey on the current status of vegetation were conducted in 50 rock slopes along 13 expressways in two years, 2020 to 2021. Specifically, the type of implemented greening and slope stabilization work, the soil properties, the vegetation coverage, and the emerged species were investigated on a every single slope. As the result of the implemented work types, the soil-media hydroseeding and the gabion work appeared to be the most implemented greening and slope stabilization work, respectively. As a result of the vegetation survey, 126 classification groups (42 families, 93 genera and 126 species) were identified in total and it was observed 26 IAP species and 5 invasive species were growing. The longer the time after greening work, the more frequent appearance of IAP species were observed. Woody species such as Robinia pseudoacacia and Lespedeza bicolo, and perennial herbs such as Artemisia princeps, Erigeron annuus, and Festuca arundinacea were appeared with high frequencies at the rocky slopes in expressway. It was also observed Pinus densiflora, Quercus dentata, Rubus crataegifolius and Miscanthus sinensis which had invaded from the adjacent forests naturally, and the largest number of species were invaded between 5~10 years usually after greening work in this study.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2002

A field survey and experiment was conducted from 1996 to 1998 to develop rational technology for turfgrass vegetation of runway side of Incheon International Airport on the reclaimed tidal land in Young-Jong Island. Backfill of the experimental site was finished on August 1995. The experimental site was 8 ha located in the middle of the construction place for the main parking lot in front of the terminal building construction. The experimental field was drained by main open ditch, and divided three main plots, no subsurface tile drain, subsurface tile drain spacing with 22.5m, and with 45 m, respectively. The 17 sub plots were designed to test the effect of soil covering with red earth loam by 5 cm and 20 cm depth, application of chemical compound fertilizers and livestock manures, dressing of artifical soils and hydrophylic soil conditioners. The tested turfgrasses were three transplanting indigenous turfgrasses, Zoysia koreana, Zoysia sinica and Zoysia japonica, and two hydroseeding mixed exotic turgrasses, cool type I(tall fescue 30%, kentucky blue grass 40%, perenial ryegrass 30%), and cool type II(tall fescue 40%, perenial ryegrass 20%, fine fescue 20%, alkaligrass 20%). The soil backfilled with dredged seasand was sand textured with high salt concentration and low fertility. The soil showed high pH, low organic matter and low available phophate contents. The percolation rate was fast with high hydraulic conductivity. Desalinization was fast after installation of the main open drainage system. No subsurface tile drainage effect was found showing little difference in turfgrass growth. The covering and visual growth of turfgrasses were the best in the 20-cm soil covering with compound fertilizer treatment. The covering and visual growth of turfgrasses were satisfactory in the 5 cm soil covering with compound fertilizer treatment and with livestock manure treatments. The hydrophillic soil conditioner treatments were effective but expensive at present. The coverage and visual quality of turfgrasses were good for Zoysia koreana and Zoysia japonica. The coverages of turfgrasses by the hydroseeding with the mixed exotic turfgrasses were less than transplanting of native turfgrasses. In conclusion, for the runway side vegetation purposes, the subsurface tile drainage might not necessary as main open ditch drainage be sufficient due to fast percolation rate of the backfilled dredged seasand. The 5 cm soil covering with red earth might be sufficient for the runway side, but the 20 cm soil covering might be necessary for the runway side where high density of turfgrass coverage was necessary to protect from the airplance air blow.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.70-82
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• 2007

Aiming at nature's early restoring needs to select plant species harmonizing with surrounding environment that fits to restoring goal of ultimately aiming at woody plants dominant vegetation that protect and stabilize surface parts of bared slopes. And it is important to make it assimilated with surrounding natural vegetation by differentiating planning of seed mixtures. Natural Ecological Restoring Construction Methods (JSB Method) was developed to increase the effect of landscape change according to seasons not to simple hydro-seeding by reducing rate of foreign grasses while raising rate of wild flower using. It was considered that using wild flowers that bloom on each season solved the problems of slope landscapes that looks artificial and uninteresting. After researching environmental condition of the slopes, JSB Method has shown that, as of wet-type method, soil is relatively soft and the difference of thickness of plant base soil media affects on the difference of soil hardness. In case of soil hardness of 8.8~17mm, there's dangerousness of slope's collapsing, but it has shown that growth of plant was favorable. For the acidity of soil, most of them are in the type of neutralized soil of more than pH 6. And after analyzing the degree of woody plants dominance, it had shown that lower part was occupied with wild flowers and other herbaceous species like China pin, golden phesant mum, pitcher plant, and middle and upper part was occupied with woody plants like silk-tree, sumac forming multi-layer structure. It can be concluded that the restoration objects of the woody plant vegetation on the roadside slopes can be accomplished successfully by Natural Ecological Restoring Construction Method (JSB method).

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.45-53
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• 2016

At present, coffee consumption amount is annually on the rise in Korea, which results in about 0.27 million tons of coffee waste annually. They are mostly classified as food waste and deserted with moisture contained, being a serious environmental issue. Existing slope greening techniques, which are vegetation based soil-media hydroseeding measures, have problems such as lack of coherence, dryness or lack of organic matters. Therefore in order to assess usability of Spent Coffee Ground (SCG), medium-to long-term growth test was conducted under the indoor and outdoor conditions. According to the result of growth test, when SCG was mixed with existing base materials, moisturizing power increased and organic matter content was reinforced, promoting germination and growth in a medium term. Among others, under the condition when supply of water was discontinued, withering rate was lower than existing base materials and diverse phenomena resulting from lack of nutrition decreased. Therefore, SCG as a waste organic matter with abundant nitrogen has the characteristic of inhibiting early growth but was found to have a quality favorable to long-term growth resulting from water containing ability and the supply of organic mater and is judged to be a material to replace or complement existing base materials.