• 식물병연구
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.62-70
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• 2019

The global warming by increased $CO_2$ will effect of plant pathogenic microorganisms and resistance of host plants, and it is expected to affect host-pathogen interactions. This study used Capsicum annuum L. and Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, a pathogenic bacteria of pepper, to investigate interactions between hosts and pathogens in a complex environment with increasedcultivation temperature and drought stress. As a result, the bacterial spot disease of C. annuum L. caused by X. euvesicatoria was $35^{\circ}C$ higher than $25^{\circ}C$. In addition, the effect on water potential on bacterial spot disease was much greater water potential -150 kPa than -30 kPa. The disease progress and severity higher than water potential -30 kPa. This result will useful for understanding interaction with red pepper and X. euvesicatoria under the complex environment with increased cultivation temperature and in water potential -150 kPa drought stress in the future.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.194-203
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• 2009

$HpaG_{Xooc}$, from rice pathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, is a member of the harpin group of proteins, eliciting hypersensitive cell death in non-host plants, inducing disease and insect resistance in plants, and enhancing plant growth. To express and secret the $HpaG_{Xooc}$ protein in Bacillus subtilis, we constructed a recombinant expression vector pM43HF with stronger promoter P43 and signal peptide element nprB. The SDS-PAGE and Western blot analysis demonstrated the expression of the protein $HpaG_{Xooc}$ in B. subtilis. The ELISA analysis determined the optimum condition for $HpaG_{Xooc}$ expression in B. subtilis WBHF. The biological function analysis indicated that the protein $HpaG_{Xooc}$ from B. subtilis WBHF elicits hypersensitive response(HR) and enhances the growth of tobacco. The results of RT-PCR analysis revealed that $HpaG_{Xooc}$ induces expression of the pathogenesis-related genes PR-1a and PR-1b in plant defense response.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2014

So far it has been generally considered that proteomic approaches are very useful for studying plant-microbes interaction. In this review, recent studies based on papers published from 2010 to 2013 have investigated proteomics analysis in various interaction during plant-fungal pathogen infection by means of gel-based proteomics coupled with mass spectrometry (MS)-based analysis. In rice, three papers focused on rice-Magnaporthe oryzae interaction were mainly reviewed in this study. Interestingly, another study showed proteomic changes in rice inoculated with Puccinia triticina, which is not only an fungal pathogen in wheat and but also results to the disease resistance with non-host defense manner in rice. Additionally, proteomics analysis has been widely subjected to understand defense mechanism during other crops (wheat, tomato, strawberry and mint) and their fungal pathogen interaction. Crops inoculated are analyzed to identify differentially regulated proteins at various tissues such as leaf and apoplast using 2-DE analysis coupled with various MS approaches such as MALDI-TOF MS, nESI-LC-MS/MS and MudPIT, respectively. Taken together, this review article shows that proteomics is applicable to various organisms to understand plant-fungal pathogen interaction and will contribute to provide important information for crop disease diagnosis and crop protection.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2014

고추 역병은 그 병원균의 토양전염성 때문에 약제에 의한 방제효과가 낮아 저항성 품종의 개발이 기대되어 왔다. 고추 역병에는 CM334, AC2258, PI201234 등 다수의 저항성 유전자원이 보고되었으며, 이들의 저항성의 유전에 관한 연구로 진행되었다. 그러나 저항성의 유전양식은 실험에 사용한 재료와 연구자에 따라 1개, 2개, 혹은 3개 이상의 유전자, 다수의 유전자에 의한 양적 유전 등 다양하였다. 최근에는 분자적 방법으로 양적형질유전자좌(QTL)를 구명하는 연구가 보고되고 있으며, 분자표지를 이용한 선발 기술도 이미 육종 현장에서 활용되고 있다. 최근 저항성 품종이 다수 출시됨에 따라 새로운 병원형(pathotype), 즉, 레이스(race)의 출현에 관심이 높아지면서 이에 대한 연구가 보고되고 있다. 모두 품종과 병원균주간에 특이적 변이가 있으며, 이를 토대로 몇 개의 병원형(race)으로 분류할 수 있었다. 그러나 판별품종이 통일되지 않았고 시험에 사용한 품종들의 저항성 유전자의 조성도 달라 세계적으로 통일된 레이스분류체계는 아직 없는 실정이다. 이러한 배경에서 보다 안정된 저항성 품종의 육성을 위해서는 한 가지 저항성 재료보다는 다수의 저항성 유전자원에서 저항성을 도입하고, 육성과정에 육성품종의 보급 대상지역의 여러 균주를 사용하여 선발하는 것이 필요할 것이다.

• 식물병연구
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.119-125
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• 2014

연작 재배로 인하여 뿌리혹선충(Meloidogyne incognita)과 같은 식물 기생 선충에 의한 피해는 오이 재배 면적이 늘어나면서 크게 늘어나고 있다. 이러한 생산량의 감소 피해를 해결하기 위한 친환경적인 방제 방법으로 경종적 방제의 저항성 품종을 이용한 재배가 점차 증가되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 새로운 저항성 육종 소재를 찾기 위한 효율적인 저항성 검정 방법을 확립하기 위하여, 뿌리혹선충 M. incognita를 이용한 오이의 선충병 발생 정도를 접종원 농도, 오이 생육 시기 및 이식 시기 등의 다양한 발병 조건에 따라 오이 4개 품종('드레곤삼척', 아시아스트라이크', '네박자', '하늘백다다기')을 대상으로 조사하였다. 접종원의 접종 농도가 증가 할수록 오이의 뿌리혹선충병 발생은 농도 의존적으로 증가되었지만, 오이의 생육 시기 및 이식 시기에 따른 오이의 뿌리혹선충병 발생은 유의한 차이가 없었다. 따라서, 오이 품종의 뿌리혹선충병 저항성 검정 조건으로 온실($25{\pm}5^{\circ}C$)에서 파종 후 21일간 재배하고, 이식한지 7일 후에 5,000개의 뿌리혹선충 알 접종으로 45일 이후에 병 조사를 하는 것이 적합함을 알 수 있었다. 적정한 발병 조건에 따라 시판 중인 오이 45개 품종의 뿌리혹선충에 대한 저항성 정도를 조사한 결과, 대목 6개 품종에서 난낭수 100개 이하의 뿌리혹선충병 발생 정도를 보였고, 특히 '유니온' 대목 품종은 중간 저항성으로 조사되었다. 그 외 실험한 모든 품종들은 유사한 정도의 높은 감수성을 나타냈다. 이들 결과들을 바탕으로 M. incognita에 대한 오이 품종의 저항성 정도를 검정하기 위한 효율적인 방법을 제안하고자 한다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.426-438
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• 2016

Plant disease resistance occurs as a hypersensitive response (HR) at the site of attempted pathogen invasion. This specific event is initiated in response to recognition of pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) and subsequent PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) and effector-triggered immunity (ETI). Both PTI and ETI mechanisms are tightly connected with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and disease resistance that involves distinct biphasic ROS production as one of its pivotal plant immune responses. This unique oxidative burst is strongly dependent on the resistant cultivars because a monophasic ROS burst is a hallmark of the susceptible cultivars. However, the cause of the differential ROS burst remains unknown. In the study here, we revealed the plausible underlying mechanism of the differential ROS burst through functional understanding of the Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae) AVR effector, AVR-Pii. We performed yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening using AVR-Pii as bait and isolated rice NADP-malic enzyme2 (Os-NADP-ME2) as the rice target protein. To our surprise, deletion of the rice Os-NADP-ME2 gene in a resistant rice cultivar disrupted innate immunity against the rice blast fungus. Malic enzyme activity and inhibition studies demonstrated that AVR-Pii proteins specifically inhibit in vitro NADP-ME activity. Overall, we demonstrate that rice blast fungus, M. oryzae attenuates the host ROS burst via AVR-Pii-mediated inhibition of Os-NADP-ME2, which is indispensable in ROS metabolism for the innate immunity of rice. This characterization of the regulation of the host oxidative burst will help to elucidate how the products of AVR genes function associated with virulence of the pathogen.

• 식물병연구
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.133-144
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• 2016

Powdery mildew (Podosphaera xanthii) causes severe damage to pumpkin crops grown in open fields and plastic house. Initially, we used ten accessions of pumpkin species; Cucurbita pepo (3), C. maxima (2), C. moschata (2), and C. argyrosperma (3) to study the disease progress in different stages of seedling development. Commercial pumpkin varieties were used as susceptible host for inoculum management and young seedlings were inoculated by dusting powdery mildew spores on the cotyledons, 1-true-leaf and 2-true-leaf seedling stages. Based on initial study, we further evaluated 218 pumpkinaccessions for their resistance to powdery mildew in different seedling stages under plastic house. Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and relative AUDPC (rAUDPC) was higher in cotyledonary and 1-true-leaf than 2-true-leaf stage. Seedlings at cotyledons and 1-true-leaf seedling stage displayed more susceptibility to powdery mildew. Based on evaluation of 2-true-leaf stage, IT 110859 and IT 278459 from C. pepo and C. argyrosperma identified as resistant (<0.2). Of the 228 pumpkin accessions, 21 (9.2%) pumpkin accessions consisting of C. pepo (2), C. maxima (5), C. moschata (13), and C. argyrosperma (1) exhibited intermediate resistance (<0.4) to powdery mildew and these accessions are useful to growers for its rational management.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.365-373
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• 2005

현재 우리나라 주요 벼 해충은 벼멸구(Nilaparvata lugens), 애멸구(Laodelphax striatellus), 끝동매미충 (Nephotetix cincticeps) 등 멸구류와 벼물바구미(Lissorhoptrus oryzophilus) 등이며, 약제에 대한 위 해충들의 약제 감수성을 모니터링한 결과 이미다클로프리드에 대해서만 일부 지역에서 68배의 높은 저항성을 보이고 있으며, 다른 약제에 대해서는 1979년 이래 지역에 따라 $0{\sim}20$배 정도의 같은 감수성을 보이고 있어 저항성의 계속적인 발달은 없었다. 끝동매미충은 기존 carbamates, organophosphorus, pyrethroid 계통의 살충제에 대해서는 1976년 이래 감수성 저하가 없어 저항성 발달을 인정할 수 없었으나, 벼물바구미의 대표적 약제인 fipronil 과 imidacloprid에 대해서는 두드러진 감수성 저하를 보였다. 벼물바구미는 1999년에서는 조사지역에서 높은 감수성을 보여 carbofuran, ethofenprox, fipronil, imidacloprid 등 시험약제 모두는 지역 계통에 관계없이 기준 약량의 4분의1 농도에서도 높은 살충력을 보였으나, 2002년에는 수원지역 계통이 carbofuran에 대해 현저한 감수성 저하 현상을 보였다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.773-783
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• 2023

Background: Gray mold, caused by Botrytis cinerea, is one of the major fungal diseases in agriculture. Biological methods are preferred over chemical fungicides to control gray mold since they are less toxic to the environment and could induce the resistance to pathogens in plants. In this work, we try to understand if ginseng defense to B. cinerea could be induced by fungal hypovirulent strain △BcSpd1. BcSpd1 encodes Zn(II)₂Cys₆ transcription factor which regulates fungal pathogenicity and we recently reported △BcSpd1 mutants reduced fungal virulence. Methods: We performed transcriptomic analysis of the host to investigate the induced defense response of ginseng treated by B. cinerea △BcSpd1. The metabolites in ginseng flavonoids pathway were determined by UPLC-ESI-MS/MS and the antifungal activates were then performed. Results: We found that △BcSpd1 enhanced the ginseng defense response when applied to healthy ginseng leaves and further changed the metabolism of flavonoids. Compared with untreated plants, the application of △BcSpd1 on ginseng leaves significantly increased the accumulation of p-coumaric acid and myricetin, which could inhibit the fungal growth. Conclusion: B. cinerea △BcSpd1 could effectively induce the medicinal plant defense and is referred to as the biological control agent in ginseng disease management.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.127-134
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• 2008

Tobamoviruses are the major viral pathogens of tomato and bell pepper. The preliminary results showed that Acibenzolar-Smethyl(ASM; S-methylbenzo(1,2,3) thiadiazole-7-carbothiate) pre-treatment to tomato and tobacco plants reduces the concentration of Tomato mosaic tobamovirus(ToMV) and Tobacco mosaic tobamovirus(TMV) in tomato and bell pepper seedlings, respectively. Pre-treatment of the indicator plant(Nicotiana glutinosa) with the ASM followed by challenge inoculation with tobamoviruses produced a reduced number and size of local lesions(67 and 79% protection over control to TMV and ToMV inoculation, respectively). In order to understand the mechanism of resistance the gene expression profiles of antiviral genes was examined. RT-PCR products showed higher expression of two viral resistance genes viz., alternative oxidase(AOX) and RNA dependent RNA polymerase(RdRp) in the upper leaves of the ASM-treated tomato plants challenge inoculation with ToMV. Further, the viral concentration was also quantified in the upper leaves by reverse transcription PCR using specific primer for movement protein of ToMV, as well as ELISA by using antisera against tobamoviruses. The results provided additional evidence that ASM pre-treatment reduced the viral movement to upper leaves. The results suggest that expressions of viral resistance genes in the host are the key component in the resistance against ToMV in the inducer-treated tomato plants.