• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.430-430
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• 2022

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.309-314
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• 2018

In recent years, interest in halal authentication from the domestic food and cosmetics field has been growing for advances into the overseas halal market. For halal authentication, the product must not contain haram ingredients derived from pig, dog, human, GMO, etc. In this study, the presence of haram ingredients in plant extracts (carrot, oyster mushroom, and pine needle) treated with papain and bromelain and cosmetics (mask pack and cream) containing these extracts were analyzed by PCR to confirm whether these cosmetics were suitable for halal authentication. Detection limits of the PCR method that specifically detected template DNA of human, pig, dog, and GMO were $1.29{\times}10^3$, $1.14{\times}10^3$, $1.24{\times}10^2$ and $2.02{\times}10^3copies/tube$, respectively. PCR was not inhibited by the plant extracts or cosmetic ingredients. Results of PCR for the plant extracts or cosmetics containing these extracts were all negative. This PCR method could be used to rapidly identify the presence of haram ingredients in raw materials or final products during the manufacturing process of food and cosmetics.

• Korea and Global Affairs
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.221-244
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• 2019

This paper attempts to analyze the role of Nigeria's current President Major (Rtd) Mahammudu Buhari and the immediate past President Goodluck Jonathan in dealing with the Boko Haram Insurgency in Nigeria. Nigeria has not been without its fair share of conflict. In fact, no decade of post-Independent Nigeria has been conflict free. With several coups, general strikes and a civil war, Nigerians have had to experience some of the most sordid tragedies arising from difference of opinions and distrust. It is interesting to mention that the conflict in Nigeria has not received the needed attention as it were. The leadership of Goodluck Jonathan did not receive the same effort and cooperation as compared to Muhammadu Buhari who came into office in May 2015. This paper argues the important roles played by the two Nigerian leaders which either aided or prevented collaboration. Goodluck Jonathan was perceived as a weak and indecisive leader whose leadership failed to effectively handle the Boko Haram insurgency. Muhammadu Buhari assumed office with a lot of high hopes and expectations from the Nigerian population and the international community to tackle the Boko Haram insurgency.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.41
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• pp.185-212
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• 2014

This research examines the decentralization of al-Qaida and other Salafi-jihadist terrorist groups, which is a subject of intense debate in the West. Especially, this study focused on investigating the status and evolution of al Qa'ida and other two Salafi-jihadist groups, Boko Haram and the Islamic States. These terrorist groups are currently considered as the most active Salafi-jihadist terrorist groups leading today's decentralization from Al-Qaida central terrorism network. This study also aims to examine the contemporary threats posed by the two extremely violent jihadist terrorist groups and these groups's terrorist networks. In order to achieve the purpose of this study, this study conducted content analyses with a wide range of documents reporting about Salafi-jihadist terrorists groups. Also this study utilized GTD data set drwan from START centner to provide descriptive analyses regarding IS and Boko Haram's activities and threats. On the basis of analyses, this study argues that recently the threats posed by core al Qaida has been severely weakened. Further, the broader Salafi-jihadist movement has become more decentralized among four tiers: first, core al Qaida in Pakistan; second, formal al Qa'ida affiliated groups that have sworn allegiance to core al Qaida; a number of Salafi-jihadist groups that have committed to establishing an extremist Islamic emirate without sworn allegiance to al Qaida; third, individual followers and networks inspired by al Qaida and other Salafi-jihadist groups. In concusion and discussion, this study highlights the need for a long-term engagement counter terrorism strategy against Salifi-jihadist terrorists groups on behalf of the peace and security of the world society.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.44-53
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• 2024

Global interest in natural functional materials to strengthen human immunity is increasing due to the increase in immune-related diseases associated with COVID-19 and the aging population. In this study, we determined the potential therapeutic effect of Eleutherococcus senticosus stems on immune enhancement according to the cultivation region. The contents of eleutheroside B and E, which are chemical components of E. senticosus stems, were analyzed. We showed that the eleutheroside B content of E. senticosus stems in different cultivation regions ranged from 2.96±0.11 to 6.24±0.05 mg/g and from 1.11±0.05 to 2.11±0.03 mg/g in 70% ethanol and hot water extracts, respectively. The eleutheroside E content ranged from 4.93±0.20 to 10.79±0.03 mg/g and 1.75±0.14 to 3.64±0.05 mg/g in 70% ethanol and hot water extracts, respectively. In addition, the immunomodulatory effect of E. senticosus stems was evaluated using RAW 264.7 macrophages. The 70% ethanol extract of E. senticosus stems showed no cytotoxicity up to 200 ㎍/mL, and the hot water extract showed no cytotoxicity up to 500 ㎍/mL. Additionally, the E. senticosus stem extract significantly increased the production of nitric oxide and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) compared to their production in the control group. These results suggest that E. senticosus stem extracts are a potential functional food material and ingredient to enhance the immune response.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.288-298
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• 2024

This study aimed to investigate the amino acid content, fatty acid composition, total flavonoid and phenol contents, and antioxidant activities of Prunus yedoensis Matsum. bark extracts using various extraction solvents. Through amino acid analysis, 13 amino acids were detected in extracts obtained using hot water, 30% ethanol, and 70% ethanol. The major amino acids were identified as aspartic acid, arginine, and proline, and the total amino acid content was 0.17%, 0.16%, and 0.09%, respectively. Fatty acid analysis showed a saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio of 62.7-66.7% in extracts obtained using hot water, 30% ethanol, and 70% ethanol, with the primary fatty acid identified as palmitic acid. The total flavonoid and polyphenol contents were 727.70-769.87 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/ g and 309.24-348.09 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g, respectively, in extracts obtained using hot water, 30% ethanol, and 70% ethanol extracts. Measurements of antioxidant activity confirmed that extracts obtained using hot water, 30% ethanol, and 70% ethanol extracts increased the antioxidant effect in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) in a concentration-dependent manner. A high correlation was observed between the total flavonoid content, total polyphenol content, and antioxidant activities of the extracts. This study provides data and novel insights for the development of functional food materials using P. yedoensis Matsum. bark extracts.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.364-371
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• 2022

The bones of the human body support the structures of the body and provide protection for a person's internal organs. Bone metabolic diseases are on the rise due to a significant increase in life expectancy over a short period of time. Therefore, we investigated the osteoblast differentiation promoting and osteoclastogenesis inhibitory activities of fermented Benincasa hispida cong. (HR1901-BS, HR1901-BSaf). We evaluated the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity of MC3T3-E1 mouse calvarial-derived osteoblasts. We also evaluated expression of ALP, osteocalcin (OCN), and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), which regulate osteoblast differentiation. To assess effects on osteoclast formation, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity in RAW264.7 cells was analyzed. ALP activity increased by 121-136% and 140-156%, respectively in the presence of HR1901-BS and HR1901-BSaf. Expression of osteoblast differentiation factor also increased significantly. We also confirmed that HR1901-BS and HR1901-BSaf decreased TRAP activity in osteoclasts by 35-47% and 23-39%, respectively. Our results showed that fermented Benincasa hispida cong. (HR1901-BS, HR1901-BSaf) increase bone mineralization and osteoblast differentiation activity in MC3T3-E1 cells, and inhibit bone resorption activity in RAW264.7 cells. In conclusion, fermented Benincasa hispida cong. (HR1901-BS, HR1901-BSaf) can be used as an effective natural resource for preventing and treating bone-related diseases.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.284-289
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• 2020

This study was performed with hot water extract (LJF-W) and 70% ethanol extract (LJF-70E) of Litsea japonica fruit to investigate the immunostimulatory activity and bone health-promoting effect of L. japonica fruit. The production of pro-inflammatory mediator (nitric oxide) and pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β) in murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells were estimated to examine the immunostimulatory activity of the fruit extracts. The immunostimulatory activity of LJF-W was higher than that of positive control (geinsenosides). However, there was no effect in LJF-70E. Futhermore, both LJF-W and LJF-70E appeared to stimulate the proliferation of MC3T3-E1 cells, proving the effect as a bone health agent. From this result it could be presumed that L. japonica fruit extracts not only stimulate the immune system, but also the ability to promote bone health.

• Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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• v.36 no.1_2
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• pp.93-105
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• 2018

There are many metric functions in the plane. In this paper we are to classify the metric functions on the plane using two ways such as using sum of distances between some points when start point and end point is fixed, and using area of transferred triangle consisted of distances between 3 points.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.282-283
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• 2023

본 논문에서는 공개 데이터 사이트의 OpenAPI를 통해 지속적으로 축적되고 있는 제주지역 전기자동차 충전 트랜잭션을 활용하여 시간대별 충전수요의 패턴을 분석한다. 시간대별 수요, 충전시간 등과 아울러 요일과 지역에 따른 시간대별 충전 패턴의 분석은 전기자동차 충전에 있어서 신재생 에너지의 결합을 요일과 지역 맞춤형으로 설계할 수 있다.