• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1040-1050
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• 2024

To isolate and analyze bacteria with Verticillium wilt-resistant properties from the fermentation residue of kitchen wastes, as well as explore their potential for new applications of the residue. A total of six bacterial strains exhibiting Verticillium wilt-resistant capabilities were isolated from the biogas residue of kitchen waste fermentation. Using a polyphasic approach, strain ZL6, which displayed the highest antagonistic activity against cotton Verticillium wilt, was identified as belonging to the Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Bioassay results demonstrated that this strain possessed robust antagonistic abilities, effectively inhibiting V. dahliae spore germination and mycelial growth. Furthermore, P. aeruginosa ZL6 exhibited high temperature resistance (42℃), nitrogen fixation, and phosphorus removal activities. Pot experiments revealed that P. aeruginosa ZL6 fermentation broth treatment achieved a 47.72% biological control effect compared to the control group. Through activity tracking and protein mass spectrometry identification, a neutral metalloproteinase (Nml) was hypothesized as the main virulence factor. The mutant strain ZL6ߡNml exhibited a significant reduction in its ability to inhibit cotton Verticillium wilt compared to the strain P. aeruginosa ZL6. While the inhibitory activities could be partially restored by a complementation of nml gene in the mutant strain ZL6CMߡNml. This research provides a theoretical foundation for the future development and application of biogas residue as biocontrol agents against Verticillium wilt and as biological preservatives for agricultural products. Additionally, this study presents a novel approach for mitigating the substantial amount of biogas residue generated from kitchen waste fermentation.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.19-28
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• 2024

Objectives : Ephedrae Herba has been used in the East Asian traditional medicine, for treatment of asthma, cold and influenza. Silymarin is an effective antioxidant and its anti-fibrogenic, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective properties have been reported. This study was performed to explore an anti-fibrogenic potential of Ephedrae Herba extract (EHE) + silymarin on immortalized human hepatic stellate cell line, LX-2 cells. Methods : We studied the anti-fibrogenic effects of EHE + silymarin on transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) signaling pathway in LX-2 cells. Cell viability was measured using the MTT assay. mRNA levels were detected by real-time PCR. TGF-β1 signaling-related proteins expression were detected by Western blot. Results : Silymarin 30 ㎍/mL and EHE 100 ㎍/mL showed cytotoxicity on LX-2 cells. Therefore, the concentrations of silymarin and EHE were studied at 10 ㎍/mL, respectively. Silymarin significantly reduced PAI-1 protein expression, Smad binding element (SBE) luciferase activity, and mRNA (PAI-1, MMP2 and 9) expression compared to TGF-β1. EHE significantly reduced SBE luciferase activity and mRNA (PAI-1, MMP2 and 9) expression compared to TGF-β1. More importantly, EHE + silymarin significantly reduced all parameters compared to TGF-β1, and also significantly reduced compared to EHE alone and silymarin alone. Conclusion : The results indicate that EHE + silymarin has anti-fibrogenic effect in LX-2 cells induced by TGF-β1. Additionally, EHE + silymarin shows more effective anti-fibrogenic effect than EHE alone and silymarin alone.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.63-69
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• 2015

The biological characteristics of Bacillus sp.CPB-St as a probiotic strain to control fish streptococcosis was determined. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing, Bacillus sp.CPB-St was identified as Bacillus pumilus and named B. pumilus CPB-St (Abbreviated as CPB-St). Growth inhibitory activity of CPB-St against Streptococcus spp. was examined at three different incubation temperatures ($20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and $30^{\circ}C$) and three culture media (NA, TSA, and BHIA) based on the diameter of inhibition zone. Its activity (inhibition zone of 11~29 mm) at $20^{\circ}C$ was higher than that (12~21 mm) at $30^{\circ}C$. Its activity (29 mm) in NA media was the same as that (29 mm) in TSA media. However, it was higher than that (22 mm) in BHIA media. The inhibitory activity of CPB-St against Streptococcus spp. was high at pH7. However, its activity was the same at salinity of 0.5% to 3%. CPB-St showed maximum growth after incubation at $25^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. To use CPB-St as probiotics, settlement studies in fish intestine and its efficacy through feeding are needed. CPB-St was highly resistant to gastric juice at pH4 and flounder's bile salt as well as deoxycholic acid at $300{\mu}g/ml$. CPB-St showed optimal viability in 1% NaCl. It showed similar growth in 0% to 7% NaCl. CPB-St could tolerate $-20^{\circ}C$ and $-70^{\circ}C$ for 45 min. There was no difference in the growth of the strain between room temperature and $4^{\circ}C$. Fish diet supplemented with CPB-St could be stored at low temperature without cell loss. Therefore, CPB-St might be used as probiotics to control streptococcosis of fish.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.208-215
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• 2015

The aim of the study was to investigate the antioxidant activities of ethanol extract of perilla seed (PSE) and its inhibitory effects against major characteristics of cancer cells, such as unrestricted growth and activated metastasis in vitro. The total polyphenol and flavonoid levels of PSE were 222.6 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g and 285.7 mg quercetin equivalent/100 g, respectively. The radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power of PSE at concentration of 87.5 to $350{\mu}g/mL$ were 24~45% and 28~62%, respectively. Treatment of HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells and H1299 non-small cell lung carcinoma cells with PSE dose-dependently inhibited growth by 18~94% (at concentration range of 87.5 to $350{\mu}g/mL$) and completely abolished colony formation (at concentration of $175{\mu}g/mL$). PSE was also effective in inhibiting migration of H1299 cells (by 30~37% at concentration range of 87.5 to $350{\mu}g/mL$) and adhesion of both HCT116 and H1299 cells (by 14~16% at concentration of $350{\mu}g/mL$). These results indicate that PSE exerts antioxidant and anti-cancer activities in vitro. It needs to be determined whether or not similar effects can be reproduced in vivo.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.1078-1089
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• 2017

Biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus is one of its mechanisms of drug resistance. Anti-biofilm screening of 106 compounds from marine-derived fungi displayed that 12 compounds inhibited S. aureus biofilm formation by >50% at the concentration of $100{\mu}g/ml$, and only secalonic acid D (SAD) and B inhibited by >90% at $6.25{\mu}g/ml$ without inhibiting cell growth after 24-h incubation. Meanwhile, it was found that the double bond between C-1 and C-10 of citrinin derivatives and the C-C connection position of two chromone monomers may be important for their anti-biofilm activities. Moreover, SAD slightly facilitated biofilm eradication and influenced its architecture. Furthermore, SAD slowed the cell growth rate in the preceding 18-h incubation and differentially regulated transcriptional expression of several genes, such as agr, isaA, icaA, and icaD, associated with biofilm formation in planktonic and biofilm cells, which may be the reason for the anti-biofilm activity of SAD. Finally, SAD acted synergistically against S. aureus growth and biofilm formation with other antibiotics. These findings indicated that various natural products from marine-derived fungi, such as SAD, could be used as a potential biofilm inhibitor against S. aureus.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.709-718
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• 2006

In order to know the effects of Garlic, Scallion, Flavonoid, Urushiol, Anthocyanidin and Bio-MOS?? on pathogenic microbes and rumen anaerobic microbes, the growth rate of pathogens (including Escherichia coli O157, Salmonella paratyphi, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus) and in vitro rumen microbial growth, gas production, ammonia concentration, carboxymethylcellulase(CMCase) activity, and microbial populations were investigated.The growth of pathogens was inhibited by supplementation of 0.1% Flavonoid, Scallion or Bio-MOS?? as biological active materials. And Scallion and Flavonoid had powerful antimicrobial properties on the pathogens applied in paper disc method.Although few effects by biological active materials disappeared in rumen fermentation in vitro, CMCase activity removed with supplementation of 1% of Flavonoid which had antimicrobial property in paper disc method. Scallion, having powerful antimicrobial property on pathogens and no inhibiting on rumen fermentation, might be a source in development of natural antimicrobial agent for ruminants.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.64-69
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• 2010

It has been known that propolis possesses anti-infective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidative properties. Although antifungal activity of Propolis has already been demonstrated, very few studies has been conducted for action mechanism and its spectrum on fungi. We found that ethanol extract of propolis (EEP) inhibited in vitro translation. Since we also observed the growth inhibition of pathogenic fungi and anti-oxidative properties preliminarily, we try to see where those properties come from. Therefore we extracted the EEP further with chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol. When their fractions were examined for the growth inhibition of Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Candida glabrata, Candida lusitaniae, Cryptococcos neoformans, chloroform fraction exhibited the highest anti-fungal as well as anti-oxidative properties. Similarly the chloroform fraction showed highest translation-inhibiting activities among the various Propolis fractions. These data indicate that those properties might come from similar compounds.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1970

In order to investigate the inter-relation with the growth of the barley root and GOT and GPT activities the growth of root and GOT, GPT activities were measured those which have been supplied various nitrogen compounds ($NO_3-N$, $NH_4-N$, Urea, and Amino acid). The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Growth of barley root supplied with $NH_4-N$ is generally increased in length and weight compared with that of the root fertilized by $NH_4-N$. 2. The above-mentioned root with $NH_4-N$ is not only decreased in its weight and length but also is apt to inhibited its growth, in compared with the root provided with $NO_3-N$. 3. The activities of GOT and GPT for the root fertilized by $NH_4-N$, the badly grown root is generally increased, while of the root supplied with $NO_3-N$ is decreased compared with that of the root fertilized by $NH_4-N$. 4. The activities of GOT and GPT for the root provided with amino acid known as the considerable growth inhibiting compound for rice is generally decreased, while that of the badly known-grown root is increased. 5. The activities of GOT and GPT in the supernatant fraction of the barley is for the most part, high and low in the mitocondrial fraction.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.396-407
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• 2022

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) has a high morbidity and mortality worldwide. 20 (S)-ginsenoside Rh2 (G-Rh2) is a natural compound extracted from ginseng, which exhibits anticancer effects in many cancer types. In this study, we demonstrated the effect and underlying molecular mechanism of G-Rh2 in CRC cells in vitro and in vivo. Methods: Cell proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis, cell cycle, and western blot assays were performed to evaluate the effect of G-Rh2 on CRC cells. In vitro pull-down assay was used to verify the interaction between G-Rh2 and Axl. Transfection and infection experiments were used to explore the function of Axl in CRC cells. CRC xenograft models were used to further investigate the effect of Axl knockdown and G-Rh2 on tumor growth in vivo. Results: G-Rh2 significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion, and induced apoptosis and G₀/G₁ phase cell cycle arrest in CRC cell lines. G-Rh2 directly binds to Axl and inhibits the Axl signaling pathway in CRC cells. Knockdown of Axl suppressed the growth, migration and invasion ability of CRC cells in vitro and xenograft tumor growth in vivo, whereas overexpression of Axl promoted the growth, migration, and invasion ability of CRC cells. Moreover, G-Rh2 significantly suppressed CRC xenograft tumor growth by inhibiting Axl signaling with no obvious toxicity to nude mice. Conclusion: Our results indicate that G-Rh2 exerts anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo by suppressing the Axl signaling pathway. G-Rh2 is a promising candidate for CRC prevention and treatment.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.326-332
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• 2008

Various bacteria were isolated from Korean soil samples based on their capability inhibiting the growth of MRSA strains. Among them, strain YK5 with the highest activity was a Gram positive sporulative bacillus with motility. It did not produce indole and no acid was formed from mannitol by the bacterium. The 16S rRNA sequence of the strain showed $95{\sim}98%$ homology with those of Paenibacillus spp.. The bacterial isolate shared the highest homology with that of P. elgii (98%), but was named as Paenibacillus incheonensis YK5 due to differences in physiological properties. Butanol extract of the P. incheonensis YK5 culture grown in SST medium at $37^{\circ}C$ for 96 hr showed a broad antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive (MRSA and Streptococcus pneumoniae) and negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae) pathogenic bacteria and fungi (Cryptococcus neoformans and Trichophyton). The antimicrobial activity in the crude extract was stable in a broad range of temperature and pH, $20{\sim}100^{\circ}C$ and $3.0{\sim}6.0$, respectively. Therefore, the antimicrobial activity of P. incheonesis YK5 had potential as a novel antibiotics for pathogens including MRSA.