• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.99-110
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences in traditional baby-delivery practices between young mother and grandmother generations. The subjects were 118 young mothers and 118 their own mothers or mothers-in-law in Tae Gu district. Young mothers had the first baby aged from 2-to 2.5-year-old. The subjects answered the questionnaires on Korean traditional baby-delivery practices developed by the researchers based on literature reviews. The data were analyzed using Frequencies, Percentages, Crosstabs, and t-test. The results of this study were as follows: 1. More grandmothers believed in supernatural being who influenced pregnancy and used to be called as 'grandma Sam Shin', expected to have son, and had charms then young mothers. But less grandmothers had sexual intercourse at the time of ovulation, took physical care, and practiced fetal education than young mothers 2. On the other hand, no generation differences were found in dreaming of foretelling conception(Te Mong), eating a restroative and food to get pregnancy, and washing own's hair or body and avoiding attending a funeral near the time of baby-delivery. 3. Most of young mothers gave birth in hospital with the doctor's heap, whereas most of grandmothers did at their home with the help of the experienced old women. Most of young mothers'husbands were at the waiting room in the hospital, but about half of grandmothers'husbands were at work when their wives grove birth.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.201-211
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was designed to construct a structural model to explain the quality of life of grandmothers caring for their grandchildren. Method: Data were collected by self-report questionnaires from 232 grandmothers caring for their grandchildren living in Busan. The data collection period was from June to Oct. 2006. Data analysis was done with SAS 9.13 for descriptive statistics and PC-LISREL 8.52 program for Covariance Structural analysis. Results: The findings found that the fit of the hypothetical model to the data was good, but considering theoretical implications and statistical significances of parameter estimates, paths and variables of the model were modified by excluding 2 paths. The Modified Model with 17 paths showed a good fitness to the empirical data ($X^2=15.492$ (df=11, p=.161), GFI=.985 AGFI=.940 NFI=.982 RMSR=.037 RMSEA=.042). Health status, health problems, economical status, life events, caring stress, caring efficacy and life satisfaction had significant effects on quality of life in the grandmother caring their grandchildren, but of these variables, self-esteem was the most essential factor. All predictive variables of quality of life together explained 63.9% of the variance. Conclusion: The derived model in this study was confirmed to be proper in explaining and predicting the quality of life of the grandmothers caring their grandchildren.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.368-376
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this research was to examine the degree of care stress and the quality of life of grandmothers caring for their grandchildren while mother was employed. Method: A convenience sample of 107 grandmothers were measured for grandmother's care stress using a revised for of the PSI/SF and the quality of life tool by Andrew and Weinert. Descriptive statistics, t-test, and Pearson correlation coeffcients were used to analyze the data using SPSS/PC 10.0 Results: The results found that grandmothers' care stress was high according to their age and religion. Their quality of life was low according to their age, their present health status, income and sleep pattern. Their subjective care stress was a sense of social isolation, burden of caring for grandchildren, health problems, and conflict with adult children. Care stress and quality of life were found to be negatively correlated. This result was statistically significant. Conclusion: In conclusion, it was found that the care stress was high and affected quality of life. From this study it is proposed that there is a need to develop programs which consider grandmother' techniques in child care and health care to improve their quality of life. Ultimately, a good care environment for children will be good for the children's growth and development.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.185-208
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• 2012

The goal of this study is to take a look at grandmothers' experience raising children with a focus on the children's generation and the grandchildren's generation. To do this, we conducted in-depth interviews with three grandmothers who raised their children and their grandchildren. As a result, grandmothers' experience raising children was shown in three categories: change in the raising environment, the raising culture, and the sense of value of raising children. These results suggest that the raising experience of grandmothers who have raised children in the past and are currently raising children again are being changed by the transition in raising experience, raising culture, and sense of value of raising children.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.233-249
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• 2017

Objective: This study examined the effects of maternal grandmothers' positive parenting behavior and mothers' self-differentiation and positive parenting behavior on self-concept in late childhood. Methods: A total of 341 $5^{th}$- and $6^{th}$- grade elementary school children and their mothers participated in the study. Children were surveyed regarding perceptions of their mothers' positive parenting behavior and their own self-concept. Mothers responded to questionnaires regarding both positive parenting behavior of their mothers and their own self-differentiation. The data were analyzed using SEM. Results: Maternal grandmothers' positive parenting behavior had an indirect effect through mothers' self-differentiation and positive parenting behavior on children's self-concept. Mothers who perceived positive parenting behavior in their mothers in their childhood showed positive parenting behavior (as perceived by their children), and those children reported a higher level of self-concept. Mothers who perceived their mother's parenting behavior in their childhood more positively reported a higher level of self-differentiation, and those mothers showed more positive parenting behavior (as perceived by their children), which led to more positive self-concept in children. Conclusion: The findings specify the pathways from maternal grandmothers' positive parenting behavior to children's self-concept through mothers' self-differentiation and positive parenting behavior in an aspect of the intergenerational transmission of parenting. The findings also emphasize the importance of mothers' positive parenting behavior for positive self-concept in late childhood.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2019

This study showed that the association between solidarity and conflict is mediated by the communication of grandmothers and an adult child at the dyadic level. The common fate model (CFM) was designed to model mediation effects at the level of dyads. Participants consisted of 297 grandmother dyads and their adult child who were rearing preschool-aged grandchildren in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do. For analysis at the dyadic level, grandmothers and adults responded to the same questionnaire on the same variables. SPSS 23.0 performed descriptive statistical analysis and correlation analysis. The structural equation model (SEM) was estimated with AMOS 23.0. We tested the mediation model using the maximum likelihood method. Model fit index used the chi-square statistic, the incremental fit index (IFI), the comparative fit index (CFI), the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). The statistical significance of the indirect effect was examined using a bootstrapping procedure. The results are as follows. First, in the CFM, the direct effect between solidarity and conflict was significant. Therefore, the higher the solidarity, the lower conflict of grandmothers and an adult child. Second, the association between solidarity and conflict is mediated by communication at the dyadic level. Based on the results of this study, we discussed ways to strengthen the capacity of co-parenting between grandmothers and an adult child.

• Korean Journal of Child Education & Care
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.71-83
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• 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate variables which account for grandchild caregiving grandmothers' physical health satisfaction and leisure activity satisfaction. Methods: The sample included 141 grandmothers. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation, and hierarchical multiple regression. Results: Firstly, the variables that explained physical health satisfaction of grandchild caregiving grandmothers were educational level, family income, the number of grandchild, and caregiving conflict with adult child. When their educational level were higher, had more money, cared for grandchild more, and did not experience conflict with adult child, they showed the higher scores of physical health satisfaction. Secondly, as to leisure activity satisfaction of grandchild caregiving grandmothers, educational level and caregiving conflict with adult child were included. That is, they had higher educational level, and without caregiving conflict with adult child, grandchild caregiving grandmothers reported higher levels of leisure activity satisfaction. Conclusion/Implications: Based on these results, various implications and interventions were suggested.

• 한국노년학
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.851-867
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to identify the caregiving reward of grandmothers raising their infant grandchildren and to examine factors influencing rewards in double-earner households. Data were collected from 323 grandmothers raising infant grandchildren who are under 6 years of age in double-earner households in Seoul, Gyeonggi-do and six metropolitan cities. According to the hierarchy multiple regression analysis, grandmothers' caregiving reward was found to be significantly high. It was also appeared that main factors of the rewards of grandmother were grandparents meaning, relationship with adult children and economic level. This study implies that improving grandparents meaning, relationship with adult children, and economic support may be a strategy to enhance the reward of grandmothers raising infant grandchildren. These findings suggest that there is a need to provide intervention and welfare policy for elderly caregiver.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.127-152
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• 2012

The research investigates the attitudes toward children among mothers young children and maternal grandmothers, focusing specifically on the ideal number of children, gender preference, old age security and positive and negative values of children. A total of 442 respondents, consisting of 221 young mothers (average age of 35) and 221 maternal grandmothers (average age of 63) completed a questionnaire developed by Kim, Park and Kwon (2005). The reliability of the scales ranged from Cronbach α of .78 to .91. The results are as follows. First, as for the ideal number of children, young mothers reported that they would prefer two children, while grandmothers reported that they would prefer four children. As for the ideal number of male child, young mothers reported that they would prefer that they would prefer one son, while grandmothers reported two sons. Second, as for the gender of the child, young mothers did not show a gender preference, while grandmothers stated that at least one child should be a son, especially if it is the only child. Third, grandmothers had higher expectation of old age security in their male child than young mothers but two groups did not show any difference for the female child. Fourth, as for positive values of children, young mothers were more likely to emphasize personal aspects (i.e., psychological pleasure and happiness) and family cohesiveness, while grandmothers were more likely to emphasize social aspects (i.e., continuing the family line and old age security. As for negative values of children, young mothers were more likely to emphasize personal aspects (i.e., parental role and responsibility), while grandmothers were more likely to emphasize social aspects (i.e., family conflict and relationship). Fifth, as for factors that influenced the number of children that they decided to have, young mothers were more likely to report negative values of children (i.e., financial constraints), while grandmothers were more likely to emphasize positive values of children (i.e., continuing the family line).

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.780-793
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• 1966

A study was made of influence of grandmother on the child's porsonality development. Behavior of randomly sampled 144 kindergarten children aged 5-6: 36 boys and 36 girls who came from general households were comparatively observed and rated by kindergartners who were able to correctly identify the children. Addition to this, interviews were conducted with their grandmothers by the auther. Rating scale used for behavior observations was consisted of 8 traits of personality: independency, dominance, co-operativeness, tolerance, responsibility, needs of achievement, agressiveness, and hostility. The scale for interviews was consisted of 3 domains of grandmothers attitude toward grandchildren; support, over control, and submissiveness. Both scales were carefully constructed and the validity of them were tested. The following results and conclusings were emerged from the study. 1. A moderate and statistically siggnificant relationships were found between the presence of grandmother and decline of dominance, tolerance, and needs of achievement of the boy and needs of achievement of the girl. Hostility of the girl increased by the presence of grandmother. 2. It was showed that most grandmothers inclined to support and submit to grandsons. 3. High negative correlations were obtained between anxiety of grandchildren and independency, cooperativeness, and needs of achievement of them.