• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2013

Probiotics are traditionally defined as viable microorganisms that have a beneficial effect in the prevention and treatment of pathologic conditions when they are ingested. Although there is a relatively large volume of literature that supports the use of probiotics to prevent or treat intestinal disorders, the scientific basis behind probiotic use has only recently been established, and clinical studies on this topic are just beginning to get published. Currently, the best studied probiotics are lactic acid bacteria, particularly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species. Other organisms used as probiotics in humans include Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp., Enterococcus sp., Bacteroides sp., Bacillus sp., Propionibacterium sp., and various fungi, and some probiotic preparations contain more than one bacterial strain. Probiotic use for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile induced intestinal disease as well as for other gastrointestinal disorders has been discussed in this review.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.139-143
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• 2012

For human including newborn baby, the intestinal microbiota can play an important role in the development of the intestinal mucosa and in maintaining the balance of the immune cells. Important functions of the intestinal microbiota include the inhibition of the colonization of the intestine by potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Thus, the research of probiotics have been focused on the prevention and treatment of disorders associated with the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including pathogen infection, traveler's diarrhea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and constipation. Probiotics have also been suggested as therapeutic agents against irritable bowel syndrome and inflammatory bowel diseases. An increasing amount of evidence from clinical studies suggests that they are effective in the prevention of atopic allergies and may have potential anti-carcinogenic effects. Until recent years many scientific research for this use has been based on empirical observations. Therefore, probiotics in the form of fermented milk products have been long part of attempts to maintain good health in world wide.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2020

The latest definition of a prebiotic is "a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit"; it now includes non-food elements and is applicable to extra-intestinal tissues. Prebiotics are recognized as a promising tool in the promotion of general health and in the prevention and treatment of numerous juvenile diseases. Prebiotics are considered an immunoactive agent, with the potential for long-lasting effects extending past active administration of the prebiotic. Because of its extremely low risk of serious adverse effects, ease of administration, and strong potential for influencing the composition and function of the microbiota in the gut and beyond, the beneficial clinical applications of prebiotics are expanding. Prebiotics are the third largest component of human breast milk. Preparations including galactooligosaccharides (GOS), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), 2'-fucosyllactose, lacto-N-neo-tetraose are examples of commonly used and studied products for supplementation in baby formula. In particular, the GOS/FOS combination is the most studied. Maintaining a healthy microbiome is essential to promote homeostasis of the gut and other organs. With more than 1,000 different microbial species in the gut, it is likely more feasible to modify the gut microbiota through the use of certain prebiotic mixtures rather than supplementing with a particular probiotic strain. In this review, we discuss the latest clinical evidence regarding prebiotics and its role in gut immunity, allergy, infections, inflammation, and functional gastrointestinal disorders.

• 미생물학회지
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• 제50권4호
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• pp.265-274
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• 2014

장내 미생물은 사람의 장에 거주하는 미생물 집단으로 자신들의 효소를 이용해 사람에게 직접적인 에너지원이 되는 대사산물을 만들기도 하고 병원성 미생물의 침입에 대응하기도 하며 소화관의 구조와 기능유지 및 면역계의 발달에 영향을 미치는 등의 중요한 기능을 수행한다. 최근 다양한 분석기술을 통해 사람의 장에 있는 다종 및 다수의 미생물의 구성을 관찰하였고 그 결과 특정 질병을 지닌 사람의 장내 미생물 구성은 건강한 사람의 일반적인 구성과 다르다는 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 발견을 바탕으로 건강한 사람의 대변에 있는 장내 미생물을 질병을 지닌 수여자에게 이식하는 fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) 시술이 각광을 받기 시작하였다. FMT는 장내 미생물의 구성변화로 인해 나타나는 여러 질병에 치료제로 적용할 수 있는데 특히 재발률이 높은 Clostridium difficile 감염에서 활발한 연구가 이루어지고 있다. 이 논문은 지금까지 밝혀진 장내 미생물과 관련된 질병들의 종류와 실제 질병에 FMT를 적용한 사례 등을 정리하고 장내 미생물을 이용하여 현재 연구개발 중인 치료제나 진단도구의 예를 기술함으로써 장내 미생물의 사람의 건강증진과 질병치료를 위한 차세대 생물학적 치료제로서의 가능성을 고찰하고자 한다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.533-555
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• 1995

Direct-fed microbials (DFM) have been used to enhance milk production in lactating cattle and to increase feed efficiency and body weight gain in growing ruminants. Primary microorganisms that have been used as DFM for ruminants are fungal cultures including Aspergillus oryzae and Saccharomyces cerevisiae and lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus or Streptococcus. Attempts have been made to determine the basic mechanisms describing beneficial effects of DFM supplements. Various modes of action for DFM have been suggested including : stimulation of ruminal microbial growth, stabilization of ruminal pH, changes in ruminal microbial fermentation pattern, increases in digestibility of nutrients ingested, greater nutrient flow to the small intestine, greater nutrient retention and alleviation of stress, however, these responses have not been observed consistently. Variations in microbial supplements, dosage level, production level and age of the animal, diet and environmental condition or various combinations of the above may partially explain the inconsistencies in response. This review summarizes production responses that have been observed under various conditions with supplemental DFM and also corresponding modification of ruminal fermentation and other changes in the gastrointestinal tract of ruminant animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.131-136
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• 2006

During lactic acid bacteria (LAB) transit through the gastrointestinal tract, ingested microorganisms were exposed to successive stress factors, including low pH in the human stomach and in bile acid. These stress factors can be used as criteria for the selection of a viable probiotic strain. Four such strains (Lactobacillus helveticus SGU 0011, Lactobacillus pentosus SGU 0010, Streptococcus thermophilus SGU 0021 and Lactobacillus casei SGU 0020) were isolated from raw milk. When the identified LAB were exposed to synthetic gastric juice, whereas L. casei SGU 0020 and S. thermophilus SGU 0021 exhibited a 0% survival rate, L. helveticus SGU 0011 and L. pentosus SGU 0010 exhibited 60% and 95% survival rates. L. casei SGU 0020 and S. thermophilus SGU 0021 could not be examined with regard to their tolerances to artificial bile juice, as they uniformly died upon exposure. However, L. helveticus SGU 0011 and L. pentosus SGU 0010 individually survived at rates of 39% and 93%. Also, all four of these strains were confirmed to be tolerant of ten different antibiotics.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.77-85
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• 2019

In the past gut microbiome has been the main focus of microbiome research. Studies about the microbiome inside oral cavities and other organs are underway. Studies about the relationship between noninfectious diseases and periodontal diseases, and the negative effects of harmful oral microbes on systemic health have been published in the recent past. A lot of attention is being paid towards fostering a healthy oral microbial ecosystem. This study aimed to understand the roles and effects of the microbiome inside the human body can potentially help cure various diseases including inflammatory bowel diseases with no known cure such as Crohn's disease, atopic dermatitis, obesity, cancer, diabetes, brain diseases and oral diseases. The present study examined technological trends in the correlation between the human microbiome and diseases in the human body, interactions between the human body's immunity, the metabolic system, and the microbiome, and research trends in other countries. While it has been proven that human microbiome is closely correlated with human diseases, most studies are still in the early stage of trying to compare the composition of microbiomes between health and patient groups. Since the oral environment is a dynamic environment that changes due to not only food intake but also other external factors such as lifestyle, hygiene, and drug intake, it is necessary to continue in-depth research on the microbiome composition characteristics to understand the complex functions of oral microorganisms. Analyzing the oral microbiome using computational technology may aid in disease diagnosis and prevention.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제32권10호
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• pp.1226-1233
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• 2022

Probiotics are live microorganisms that can be consumed by humans in amounts sufficient to offer health-promoting effects. Owing to their various biological functions, probiotics are widely used in biological engineering, industry and agriculture, food safety, and the life and health fields. Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus), an important human intestinal probiotic, was originally isolated from the human gastrointestinal tract and its functions have been widely studied ever since it was named in 1900. L. acidophilus has been found to play important roles in many aspects of human health. Due to its good resistance against acid and bile salts, it has broad application prospects in functional, edible probiotic preparations. In this review, we explore the basic characteristics and biological functions of L. acidophilus based on the research progress made thus far worldwide. Various problems to be solved regarding the applications of probiotic products and their future development are also discussed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제64권4호
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• pp.671-695
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• 2022

The gastrointestinal tract is a complex ecosystem that contains a large number of microorganisms with different metabolic capacities. Modulation of the gut microbiome can improve the growth and promote health in pigs. Crosstalk between the host, diet, and the gut microbiome can influence the health of the host, potentially through the production of several metabolites with various functions. Short-chain and branched-chain fatty acids, secondary bile acids, polyamines, indoles, and phenolic compounds are metabolites produced by the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome can also produce neurotransmitters (such as γ-aminobutyric acid, catecholamines, and serotonin), their precursors, and vitamins. Several studies in pigs have demonstrated the importance of the gut microbiome and its metabolites in improving growth performance and feed efficiency, alleviating stress, and providing protection from pathogens. The use of probiotics is one of the strategies employed to target the gut microbiome of pigs. Promising results have been published on the use of probiotics in optimizing pig production. This review focuses on the role of gut microbiome-derived metabolites in the performance of pigs and the effects of probiotics on altering the levels of these metabolites.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.81-95
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• 2006

닭의 대장은 해부학적, 생리학적으로 돼지의 대장이나 소의 men과 다르다. 닭의 대장은 소의 men이나 돼지의 대장에 비교하여 잘 발달되어 있지 않다. 그러나 닭의 대장속에 있는 미생물군은 rumen 속의 것과 비슷하다. 특히 닭의 맹장속에는 많은 미생물이 있으며 이 미생물군은 나이, 사료, 성성숙의 정도, 항생제 사용 유무 등에 따라서 다양하게 나타난다. 단백질은 장내의 미생물 형성에 중요한 영양소이다. 닭에서 소장의 길이는 전장 길이의 65%를 차지하며 닭의 맹장은 8.1 %그리고 직장과 공장은 4.6 %를 차지한다. 소장 내에 분포하는 미생물 군은 현재까지 약 10%가 구명된 상태로서 나머지 90%에 대한 정보는 전무하다. 최근의 연구에 따르면 에너지, 저급지방산 (VFA)과 그리고 전해물질이 대장에서 약간씩 흡수되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 닭의 소장은 각종 효소등이 분비되어 소화가 일어나는 중추적인 역할을 하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 앞으로도 많은 연구가 과당류 즉 sucrose thermal oligosaccharide caramel (STOP), fructooligosaccharides (FOS), mannanoligosaccharide (MOS), galactooligosaccharide (GOS) 그리고 isomaltooligosaccharides (IMO)등이 맹장과 대장내에서 어떻게 소화가 일어나는지에 관해서 집중되어야 한다. 과량의 섬유질 함량은 닭의 소화에 치명적일 수 있지만 적당량을 사료에 혼합하여 급여하면 소장의 길이와 함량을 증가시킬 수 있는 효과가 있다.