• Asian review of World Histories
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2014

This paper examines the historical relationship between the Little Ice Age and the Anthropocene, which has not yet been studied. The Little Ice Age is the coldest multi-century period in the Holocene. The reforestation of huge farmlands, abandoned due to pandemics in the Americas, aggravated the cooling weather of the Little Ice Age. It was in the long and severe cold of the Little Ice Age that the transition from renewable energy to non-renewable energy was completed in Britain in the latter part of the eighteenth century, and when the pattern of linear growth in greenhouse gas concentrations was forged in the ecosystems of the Earth. The Little Ice Age forced humans to depend on fossil fuels while the advent of warmer and more stable climate in the Holocene enabled them to start agriculture in an energy revolution 11,000 years ago, thus making the coming of the Anthropocene possible.

• Mycobiology
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.159-165
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• 2006

One of the most economically viable processes for the bioconversion of many lignocellulosic waste is represented by white rot fungi. Phanerochaete chrysosporium is one of the important commercially cultivated fungi which exhibit varying abilities to utilize different lignocellulosic as growth substrate. Examination of the lignocellulolytic enzyme profiles of the two organisms Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Rhizopus stolonifer show this diversity to be reflected in qualitative variation in the major enzymatic determinants (ie cellulase, xylanase, ligninase and etc) required for substrate bioconversion. For example P. chrysosporium which is cultivated on highly lignified substrates such as wood (or) sawdust, produces two extracellular enzymes which have associated with lignin deploymerization. (Mn peroxidase and lignin peroxidase). Conversely Rhizopus stolonifer which prefers high cellulose and low lignin containg substrates produce a family of cellulolytic enzymes including at least cellobiohydrolases and ${\beta}-glucosidases$, but very low level of recognized lignin degrading enzymes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.71-77
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• 2003

To inject fresh air into a fire room, Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV) can be used and the blower of PPV increases inside pressure of the room. It makes high flow rate of products of combustion, smoke and heat from the structure, and it is very helpful to fireman on the fire extinguishing work. The flame moves to the direction of airflow and the temperature of flame can be decreased rapidly. In this experiment, a water mist system is applied to PPV to increase the effectiveness, and various effective factors are studied. n-Heptane and pine wood stick were used as fuel. Temperatures at the above and behind the combustion pan were strongly reduced by the water mist system and by the convective cooling with airflow. The smoke density was also decreased by PPV with water mist system and it can be explained by the absorption of smoke particles on the water mist droplet and by the strong exhausting effects of mobile fan.

• Journal of the Korea Furniture Society
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.300-306
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• 2008

Nepal is rich country in terms of its vast array of biological diversity. The relationship between local communities and the biological diversity in Nepal is a very entangle one, whereby two-thirds of our population are heavily dependent upon the biodiversity for their survival. The destruction of biodiversity signifies the destruction of people's livelihoods and survival. Biodiversity and genetic resources conservation has been a most significant part of the Nepalese society due to its socio-economic and cultural importance and provides the human race trees for timber, fuel, food, industrial raw materials, pharmaceuticals, beverages and environmental stabilization. Threats to biodiversity at global level is of greater concern, specially, human activities are the greatest factor currently affecting biodiversity, through the use of natural resources by industry, agriculture, hunting, and energy generation.

• Journal of Surface Science and Engineering
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 2016

Biomass is a renewable and sustainable source of energy used to create electricity or pressurized steam. In biomass-fueled power plants, wood waste or other waste is burned to produce steam that runs a turbine to make electricity, or that provides heat to industries and homes. Biomass power plants, apart from producing energy, help to reduce the $CO_2$ emission. However, the main problem is the high-temperature corrosion due to fuel corrosivity, especially of the straw. This limits both the temperature of the steam and also the effectiveness of the power plant. The corrosion in biomass-fueled plant was described.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.15-23
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• 2010

Bio-ethanol is the most potential next generation automotive fuel for reducing both consumption of crude oil and environmental pollution from renewable resources such as wood, forest residuals, agricultural leftovers and urban wastes. Lignocellulosic based materials can be broken down into individual sugars. Therefore, saccharification is one of the important steps for producing sugars, such as 6-C glucose, galactose, mannose and 5-C xylose, mannose and rhamnose. These sugars can be further broken down and fermented into ethanol. The main objective of this research is to study the feasibility and optimize saccharification and fermentation process for the conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to low cost bioethanol.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.455-463
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• 2021

This study investigated the biomass content of fluff type SRF(Solid refuse fuel) operated in B city according to the physical composition. As a result of analyzing the physical composition of SRF, it was investigated that papers 25.2%, fiber 15.1%, vinyl·plastics 42.6%, woods 9.4%, rubbers 1.5%, diapers 3.2% and incombustibles 3.0%. The average of ash and combustible content of SRF was 10.5% and 89.5%, and the higher the proportion of paper and wood, the lower proportion of ash. In addition, the biomass of SRF is 24.9%~58.0%, with an average of 42.6%.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.420-427
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• 2017

Recently, the depletion of fossil fuels, global warming and environmental pollution have emerged as a worldwide problem, and studies of new renewable energy sources have been progressed. Among the many renewable energy sources, the use of bio fuel has the potential to displace fossil fuels due to low price, easy to handle, and the abundant sources. Pyrolysis oil (PO) derived from waste wood and sawdust is considered an alternative fuel for use in diesel engines. On the other hand, PO is limited to diesel engines because of its low cetane number, high viscosity, high acidity, and low energy density. Therefore, to improve its poor properties, PO was mixed with alcohol fuels, such as ethanol. Early mixing with ethanol has the benefit of improving the storage and handling properties of the PO. Furthermore, a PO-ethanol blended fuel was injected separately, which can be fired through pilot-injected diesel in a dual-injection diesel engine. The experimental results showed that the substitution of diesel with blended fuel increases the amount of HC and CO, but reduces the NOx and PM significantly.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.57 no.6
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• pp.874-882
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• 2019

In this study, the gasification characteristics of four types of unused woody biomass and one waste wood in a lab-scale bubbling fluidized bed gasifier (Diameter: 0.11 m, Height: 0.42 m) were investigated. Effect of equivalence ratio (ER) of 0.15-0.3 and gas velocity of $2.5-5U_0/U_{mf}$ are determined at the constant temperature of $800^{\circ}C$ and fuel feeding rate of 1 kg/h. The silica sand particle having an average particle size of $287{\mu}m$ and olivine with an average particle size of $500{\mu}m$ were used as the bed material, respectively. The average product gas composition of samples is as follows; $H_2$ 3-4 vol.%, CO 15-16 vol.%, $CH_4$ 4 vol.% and $CO_2$ 18-19 vol.% with a lower heating value (LHV) of $1193-1301kcal/Nm^3$ and higher heating value (HHV) of $1262-1377kcal/Nm^3$. In addition, it was found that olivine reduced most of C2 components and increased $H_2$ content compared to silica sand, resulting in cracking reaction of tar. The non-condensable tar decreases by 72% ($1.24{\rightarrow}0.35g/Nm^3$) and the condensable tar decreases by 27% ($4.4{\rightarrow}3.2g/Nm^3$).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.55-63
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• 2016

A dust explosion is a phenomenon of strong blast wave propagation involving destruction which results from dust pyrolysis and rapid oxidation in a confined space. There has been some research done to find individual explosion characteristics and common physical laws for various dust types. However, there has been insufficient number of studies related to the heat of combustion of materials and the oxygen consumption energy about materials in respect of dust explosion characteristics. The present study focuses on the relationship between dust explosion characteristics of wood dust samples and oxygen consumption energy. Since it is difficult to estimate the weight of suspended dust participating in explosions in dust explosion and mixtures are in fuel-rich conditions concentrations with equivalent ratios exceeding 1, methods for estimating explosion overpressure by applying oxygen consumption energy based on unit volume air at standard atmospheric pressure and temperature are proposed. In this study an oxygen consumption energy model for dust explosion is developed, and by applying this model to TNT equivalent model, initial explosion efficiency was calculated by comparing the results of standardized dust explosion experiments.