• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2019.10a
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• pp.45-45
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• 2019

This experiment was carried out using artificial clay and LED in the plastic film house (irradiation time: 08:00~18:00/day). Seedlings (n = 63 per $3.3m^2$) of ginseng was planted on May 17, 2018. LED was combined with red and blue light in a 3:1 ratio and irradiated with different light intensity. The average air temperature from April to September was $12.3^{\circ}C$ $-26.0^{\circ}C$ and it was the the highest at $26.0^{\circ}C$ in August. The test area where fluorescent lamp was irradiated tended to be somewhat higher than the LED irradiation area. The chemical properties of the test soil are as follows. pH levels was 5.3~5.5, EC levels 0.45~0.52 dS/m and OM levels 33~37%. The total nitrogen content was 0.35~0.47% and the available $P_2O_5$ contents was 13.7~16.0 mg/kg, which was lower than the suitable level of 70~200 mg/kg. Exchangeable cations K and Mg contents were within acceptable ranges, but the Ca contents was $28{\sim}38cmol^+/kg$ levels higher than the permissible level ($2{\sim}6cmol^+/kg$). Germination of ginseng leaves took 8~9 days and the overall germination rate was 70~75%. The photometric characteristics of LED light intensity are as follows. The greater the light intensity, the higher the PAR (Photosynthetic Action Radiation) value, illuminance and solar irradiation. Photosynthetic rate was also increased with higher light intensity was investigated at $1.7{\sim}3.2{\mu}mol\;CO_2/m^2/s$. Leaf temperature ($23.7{\sim}24.8^{\circ}C$) by light intensity was the same trend. The growth of aerial parts (plant height etc.) were generally excellent when irradiated with 3 times the light intensity, the growth of the ginseng aerial parts were excellent as follows. The plant height was 42.6 cm, stem length was 25.2 cm, leaf length was 9.6 cm and stem diameter was 5.0 mm. The growth of underground part (root length etc.) was the same, and the root length was 24.4 cm, the tap root length was 6.0 cm, diameter of taproot was 18.2 mm and the fresh root weight was 17.2 g. There were no disease incidence such as Alternaria blight, Gray mold and Anthracnose. Disease of Damping off occurred 2.2~3.6% and incidence ratio of rusty root ginseng was 14.6~20.7%. Leaf discoloration rate was 13.7~48.9% and increased with increasing light intensity. Ginsenoside content of ginseng by light intensity is under analysis.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.471-477
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• 2019

Rehmannia glutinosa is a perennial herb belonging to family Scrophulariaceae. This study was conducted to evaluate the appropriateness cultivation of R. glutinosa in Southern Gangwon Province. The seed rhizomes of R. glutinosa 'Jihwang 1' were planted in the early May and harvested in the early November. Agronomic characteristics and catalpol content was evaluated in comparison with Eumseong area. As a results, aerial parts of Pyeongchang area in leaf length and leaf width were better than other cultivation area but the leaf number per plant was statistically the same. And underground parts of Eumseong area in rhizome yield and number of rhizome were better than other cultivation area. Conversely, rhizome diameter of Pyeongchang and Jeongseon area were thicker than rhizome diameter of Eumseong area. The fresh rhizome yield of Eumseong, Jeongseon and Pyeongchang area were 1,848, 1,571, and 1485 kg/10a, respectively, higher than the domestic average production of 805 kg/10a. And, catalpol content of Pyeongchang, Jeongseon and Eumseong area were 1.93, 1.62 and 1.99%, respectively. Taken together, R. glutinosa cultivation in the region of southern Gangwon province is considered to be possible, but further evaluation of the economic aspect is needed.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.67 no.4
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• pp.211-221
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• 2022

Recently, the demand for the cultivation of upland soil has been increasing, and the rate of conversion of paddy soil into upland soil is also increasing. Theincrease in uneven precipitation due to climate change has resulted in dramatic effects of waterlogging stress on upland crops. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the changes in growth characteristics and the expression patterns of proteins at the two-leaf stage of adzuki beans. The domestic cultivar, Arari (Miryang No. 8), was used to test waterlogging stress. At the two-leaf stage of adzuki beans, plant height slightly decreased androot fresh weight showed significant changes after 3 days of waterlogging treatment. Chlorophyll content was also significantly different after 3 days of waterlogging treatment compared to its content in control plants. Using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, more than 400 protein spots were identified. Twenty-one differentially expressed proteins from the two-leaf stage were analyzed using linear trap quadrupole-Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Of these 21 proteins, 9 were up-regulated and 12 were down-regulated under waterlogging treatment. Protein information resource (https://pir.georgetown.edu/) categories were assigned to all 49 proteins according to their molecular function, cellular component localization, and biological processes. Most of the proteins were found to be involved in the biological process, carbohydrate metabolism and were localized in chloroplasts.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.49-58
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• 2019

This study aimed to determine of water quantity in pot for water flooding culture of Pinus thunbergii Parl., Chaenomeles japonica Lindl. ex Spach and Osmanthus fragrans Lour. The survival rate of P. thunbergii Parl. and C. japonica Lindl. ex Spach in the water quantity in pot 60% or 40% was 100% and the rate of O. fragrans Lour. in the 60% or 40% water was 90.0% or 93.3%. However the survival rate of the 100% water was less than 90% in P. thunbergii Parl, C. japonica Lindl. ex Spach and less than 60% was in O. fragrans Lour. The increasing rate of plant height for P. thunbergii Parl. in the water quantity in pot 40% or 60% was above 50%, and the C. japonica Lindl. ex Spach or O. fragrans Lour. was above 90%. However the increasing rate of plant height in the water 100% was less then the others as a 38.2%, 65.4% or 66.7% in respectively in P. thunbergii Parl., C. japonica Lindl. ex Spach and O. fragrans Lour. The increasing rate for leaf number for P. thunbergii Parl. in the water quantity 40% or 60% was above 80%, and the C. japonica Lindl. ex Spach or O. fragrans Lour. was above 70%, however the 100% water was below 60% in all treatment. Therefore, the survival rates in some woody plants of the 40% or 60% water in the pot was above 90% and the plant growth of plant height, plant width, leaf number or fresh weight was proper increased. But the survival rates and growth of the 100% water in the pot was decreased

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.85-89
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• 2018

The effects of distribution temperature due to season all changes on quality and storability of baby leaf beet (Beta vulgaris L.) was examined in modified atmosphere (MA) packages. The beet leaf had been harvested at the 10 cm leaf length stage and packaged with an oxygen transmission rate (OTR) film of $1,300cc{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}day^{-1}{\cdot}atm^{-1}$ and then held at 4 different distribution temperatures which were $-2^{\circ}C$, $4^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, or $30^{\circ}C$ for 5 hrs and then stored for 18 days at $8^{\circ}C$. The loss of fresh weight of packged baby leaf beet was lowest at the $4^{\circ}C$ treatment, and below 0.6% in all distribution temperature treatments. The atmosphere composition in packages did not show any significant differences among treatments. The oxygen conc. was the highest at 18.0% after the $4^{\circ}C$ treatment, carbon dioxide conc. showed the maximum value of 4% at the $30^{\circ}C$ and $-2^{\circ}C$ treatments, and ethylene conc. was highest at the $10^{\circ}C$ treatment after 10 days in storage. The hardness was the highest at the $4^{\circ}C$ treatment on the final storage day. The $4^{\circ}C$ treatment showed the highest visual quality and the lowest off-odor and aerobic plate count. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a low-temperature distribution system which is controlled under $4^{\circ}C$, because the baby leaf beet's storability and microbial growth are effected even during a short time of 5 hrs during the distribution process.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.88-94
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• 2014

This study was carried out to survey the early growth characteristics of Ligularia fischeri, plants of half-shaded grounds, primarily used as functional wild edible greens and examine its shading treatment to transplant seedling. The shading treatment was regulated with the shading level(full sunlight, 35%, 50%, 75%, and 95% of full sunlight). According to the experiment, the height was the highest under 75% of shading (17.3 cm), and root diameter was the highest under full sunlight (2.13 mm). It was found that fresh weight (leaf, shoot, root and whole) was the highest (1.784 g, 1.330 g, 0.791 g, 3.905 g respectively ) under 50% of shading. In case of dry weight, leaf, shoot and whole dry weight were surveyed the highest under 35% of shading, and root dry weight was the highest under full sunlight. It was found that S/R ratio and moisture contents (leaf, shoot, root and whole) were the highest under 95% of shading. Leaf area was the highest under 50% of shading ($39.3cm^2$) and the higher shading level, the higher SLA and LAR. It was surveyed that the higher shading level, the thinner leaf thickness. In case of root characteristics, it was showed that the relatively high height growth under 35%~75% of shading, excepting 95% of shading. As a result of surveying the whole experiment, it is concluded that the early growth of L. fischeri is more effective in producing it under 50% of shading.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.414-420
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• 2020

This study was carried out to investigate the growth characteristics of standard chrysanthemum 'Baekma', such as fresh weight, dry weight, and leaf area and to develop prediction models for the production greenhouse based on the growth parameters and climatic elements. Sigmoid regressions models for the prediction of growth parameters in terms of dry weight and leaf area were analyzed according to the number of the day after transplanting and the accumulate temperature during this experimental period. The relative growth rate (RGR) of the chrysanthemum was 0.084 g·g^-1·d^-1 on average during the period.The dry weight and leaf area of 'Beakma' increased exponentially according to the number of day after transplanting and the accumulated temperature, in the case of dry weight increased by an average of 39.1% until 63 days (accumulated temperature of 1601℃), after that dry weight increased by an average of 7.4% before harvest. The leaf area increased by an average of 63.3% until the 28th day after transplanting, and by an average of 6.5% until the 84th day before flower bud differentiation occurred, and increased by an average of 10.6% before harvest. This experiment can be used as a useful data for establishing a cultivation management system and a planned year-round production system for standard chrysanthemum "Baekma". To make a more precise growth prediction model, it will need to be corrected and verified based on various weather data including accumulated irradiation.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.658-667
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• 2015

This research was conducted to investigate the influence of various levels of fused superphosphate as pre-planting fertilizer on the growth of red-leaf lettuce and changes in the chemical properties of the soil solution in three root media, namely coir-dust plus expanded rice hull (8:2, v/v; CD+ERH), carbonized rice hull (6:4; CD+CRH), or ground and aged pine bark (8:2; CD+GAPB). The amounts of fused superphosphate (FSP) incorporated into the three root media during formulation were controlled from 0 to $6.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ in $1.5g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ increments. The root media containing fertilizers were packed into 300 mL plastic pots and seedlings of red-leaf lettuce at the 3rd leaf stage were transplanted. After transplanting, the crops were fed with a solution of neutral fertilizer ($100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$). The growth of red-leaf lettuce was investigated 5 weeks after transplanting and soil solutions were extracted and analyzed every week for pH, EC, and concentrations of macro-nutrients. The elevation of application rates of FSP in the three root media resulted in better growth, and the crops grown in CD+ERH and CD+GRPB had greater fresh and dry weights than those in CD+CRH when compared among the treatments of equal amounts of FSP. The pH and $PO_4{^{-3}}$ concentrations in the soil solution of CD+CRH at 3 weeks after transplant were in the ranges of 4.0 to 4.8 and 20 to $100mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$, respectively. These were lower pH and higher $PO_4{^{-3}}$ concentrations than those in CD+ERH and CD+GAPB. The $K^+$ concentrations were higher in CD+CRH than those in the other two root media, and the elevation of FSP application rates resulted in higher $Ca^{+2}$, $Mg^{+2}$ and $SO_4{^{-2}}$ concentrations in soil solution of the three root media. The $NO_3$-N concentrations in soil solution rose continuously during crop cultivation, implying that the leaching percentage was elevated. The soil solution EC varied, showing the same tendencies as the $NO_3$-N concentrations. The above results indicated that the CD+ERH and CD+GRPB media performed better than CD+CRH, and optimum application rates of FSP in the three root media were 4.5 to $6.0g{\cdot}L^{-1}$ for pot cultivation of red-leaf lettuce.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

This study was conducted to examine the changes of photosynthesis, growth, chlorophyll contents and functional material contents in light intensity and EC concentration of wild baby leaf vegetable, Indian lettuce (Lactuca indica L. cv. 'Sunhyang') in DFT hydroponics. The cultivation environment was 25±1℃ of temperature and 60±5% of relative humidity in growth system. At 14 days after sowing, combination effect of light intensity (Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD 100, 250, 500 µmol·m-2·s-1) and EC level (EC 0.8, 1.4, 2.0 dS·m-1) of nutrient solution was determined at the baby leaf stage. The photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and water use efficiency of Indian lettuce increased as the light intensity increased. The photosynthesis rate and water use efficiency were highest in PPFD 500-EC 1.4 and PPFD 500-EC 2.0 treatment. The chlorophyll content decreased as the light intensity increased, but chlorophyll a/b ratio increased. Leaf water content and specific leaf area decreased as light intensity increased and a negative correlation (p < 0.001) was recognized. Plant height was the longest in PPFD 100-EC 0.8 and leaf number, fresh weight and dry weight were the highest in PPFD 500-EC 2.0. Anthocyanin and total phenolic compounds were the highest in PPFD 500-EC 1.4 and 2.0 treatment, and antioxidant scavenging ability (DPPH) was high in PPFD 250 and 500 treatments. Considering the growth and functional material contents, the proper light intensity and EC level for hydroponic cultivation of Indian lettuce is PPFD 500-EC 2.0, and PPFD 100 and 250, which are low light conditions, EC 0.8 is suitable for growth.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.67-75
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• 1974

The studies are to know how much cocoon crops is damaged by the stained leaf with nicotine produced from the tobacco field cultivated in mulching system in spring season and by residual nicotine in autumn season. Furthermore, the new knowledges are to make both industries keep up with their development. In spring season mulberry Held is located higher on the West-North of tobacco held below 20 degrees of slope and with 36 per cent of East-South wind and 18 per cent of South wind blowing from tobacco fold to the mulberry fold. In addition, silkworm larvae are fed with the mulberry leaf produced in the different plots placing by the different distances, l0m, 25m, 50m, 80m, and loom far from the tobacco Held as a control and it is also considered that narcotic larvae including the dead larvae are not observed. On the other hand, it is noted that better leaf quality and abundant growth of mulberry tree is produced from the mulberry fold closer to the tobacco field and with a low slope. 1) Maximum weight of larval body at the 5th stage is damaged by the stained leaf with the nicotine up to 25m far from the tobacco held. 2) The larvae fed with the mulberry leaf in mulberry Held up to 25m far from the tobacco fold produce small number of the fresh cocoons per 1 liter. 3) Low single cocoon weight and low cocoon shell weight are produced by the poison damaged larvae fed with the mulberry. leaf up to 25m far from the tobacco field and weight of cocoon shell is damaged higher than the single cocoon weight. It is resulted in low percentage of cocoon shell. 4) Cocoon yield including the double cocoon from 10,000 larvae is decreased by the larvae fed with the stained leaf in the mulberry fold up to 25m far from the tobacco fold and 19 per cent of cocoon yield is decreased with 2.4kg of cocoon yield in l0m plot and with 2.5kg of cocoon yield in 25m plot at the first season and at the 2nd season with 1.8kg o( cocoon yield in l0m plot and with 11.5kg of cocoon yield in 25m plot, 11 per cent and 9 per cent of cocoon yield including double cocoon from 10,000 larvae is decreased, as compared with the control, respectively. With these results, it is observed that nicotine damage is occurred to the silkworm larvae if the larvae are fed with the leaf in the mulberry Held within 25m-50m far from the tobacco field.