• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.953-959
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• 2010

We extracted bioactive materials from Codium fragile by enzymatic hydrolysis using four different proteases (Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Neutrase, and Protamex) and seven different carbohydrases (amyloglucosidase (AMG), Celluclast, Dextrozyme, Maltogenase, Promozyme, Termamyl, and Viscozyme), and evaluated their biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and anti-inflammatory effects. All enzymatic hydrolysates showed good DPPH radical scavenging capacities, in particular, Flavourzyme and Promozyme hydrolysates possessed the highest activity. The two hydrolysates also exhibited strong hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, $Fe^{2+}$ chelating activity, and reducing power in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the two hydrolysates effectively protected DNA damage induced by hydroxyl radical by measuring the conversion of supercoiled DNA to the open circular DNA. All enzymatic hydrolysates also showed high anti-AChE inhibitory activities in a dose-dependent manner, and did not showed any significant cytotoxicity on RAW264.7 cells (p<0.05). In addition, the enzymatic hydrolysates significantly (p<0.05) inhibited lipopolysaccharide induced-nitric oxide production on RAW264.7 cells. These results suggest that the enzymatic extracts from Codium fragile would be good source as an ingredient of functional foods.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.233-238
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• 2007

Twenty five isolates of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum were recovered from different infested fields of vegetable along the heavily cultivated crops in Jordan valley. Cellulase and pectinase activities of those isolates were detected using CMC and pectin agar media, respectively. Diameter of the clearing zones on those media represented the level of such enzymatic activities, characteristic of each isolate. The virulence of those isolates was studied using a squash (Cucurbita pipo) cultivar under a greenhouse condition. The significance of correlating the enzymatic activity with the virulence of the isolates was ascertained and discussed.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.361-366
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• 2012

We investigated the anti-diabetic activity and enzymatic activity of 24 commercial doenjang samples certified for traditional foods. Twenty four doenjang samples showed the wide ranges in enzymatic activities (protease activities 0-50.45 unit/g, ${\alpha}$-amylase activities 0-675.9 unit/g, ${\beta}$-amylase 13.6-308.6 unit/g), and there were no difference in enzymatic activity by the producing region. To evaluate the potential anti-diabetic activity of 24 doenjang samples, we examined the effect of doenjang methanol extract (DME) on 2-[n-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol-4-yl) amyno]-2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-NBDG) uptake. Ten samples among 24 samples significantly stimulated the uptake of 2-NBDG. When the cells were treated with DME at 400 ug/mL, No. 17 and 23 specially stimulated 2-NBDG uptake by 1.23-fold and 1.25-fold, respectively, compared with untreated control cell. And there were no cytotoxicity in the C2C12 cells treated with DME at concentration of 500 ug/mL. Among 24 samples, No. 6, 7, 12, 21 and 24 showed the ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor activity at concentration of 10 mg/mL; however, they were less effective than acarbose which is a commercial ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitor.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.672-681
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant activities of enzymatic digests from citrus by-products (CBPs) prepared by high speed drying (HSD). HSD needs a short time (60 min) for drying and can be used in a commercial scale. Enzymatic digests were prepared from the CBPs using 6 enzymes such as aminoglucosidase (AMG), celluclast, pectinex, termamyl, ultraflo, and viscozyme. Antioxidant activities of AMG digest from CBPs were evaluated by different in vitro models such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, alkyl, $H_2O_2$ scavenging, metal chelating, lipid peroxidation, and comet assays, and exhibited strong activities. The antioxidant compounds were detected by an high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled on-line to an 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid ($ABTS^+$) scavenging detection system, and found that hesperidin was the key compound. Therefore, the results obtained in this study suggest that HSD is an effective method to transform wet CBPs into dried form, and CBPs are potential source of natural antioxidant.

• ALGAE
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.169-177
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• 2009

In this study, we focused on natural water-soluble antioxidants from fresh water microalgae, Pediastrum duplex and Dactylococcopsis fascicularis from Jeju Island, Korea. They were prepared by enzymatic digestion using five carbohydrases (Viscozyme, Celluclast, AMG, Termamyl and Ultraflo) and five proteases (Protamex, Kojizyme, Neutrase, Flavourzyme and Alcalase), and the potential antioxidant activity of each was assessed. All enzymatic digests from P. duplex showed significant DPPH scavenging effects. Termamyl (60.6%) digest from P. duplex possessed the highest effects on hydrogen peroxide scavenging. Celluclast (58.1%) and Kojizyme digests (56.9%) from D. fascicularis possessed higher effects on superoxide anion radical scavenging. All enzymatic digests exhibited significant effects on both NO· scavenging and metal chelating. Lipid peroxidation was significantly in inhibited Viscozyme, Termamyl and Kojizyme digests from P. duplex and Ultraflo, Protamex, Kojizyme and Alcalase digests from D. fascicularis. These data suggest that enzymatic digests of the fresh water microalgae, P. duplex and D. fascicularis might be valuable sources of antioxidant which can be applied in food and pharmaceutical industry.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2003

This study was carried out to select the useful bacteria which secret extracellula enzymes for enzymatic deinking agent of old newspaper. CMCase, FPase and xylanase activities of the bacteria liquid culture were measured at optimal growth conditions. Clear zone test was checked on the solid culture. The results of this study were as follow: Eight strains of 28 bacteria isolated from a paper mill soil ground were shown strong CMCase and xylanase activity with the clear zone test. The optimal pH and temperature for culture growth were 6~8 and 26~$34^{\circ}C$, respectively and optimal culture period were less than 60 hours. Based on CMCase, FPase and xylanase activity, strain No. 18, 21, 22 and 28 which were relatively higher than the other strains, were selected for further enzymatic deinking research.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.413-418
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• 2015

This study was conducted to analyze the functional component contents and antioxidant activities of Cedrela sinensis extracts hydrolyzed using four different enzymes. The yield of Viscozyme extract was the highest among the samples, and all enzymatic extracts, except for the commercial glucoamylase (AMG) extract, had significantly higher total polyphenol and flavonoids contents compared to the non-enzymatic extract (p<0.05). Viscozyme extract showed the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and $Fe^{2+}$ chelating ability among the samples. All enzymatic extracts showed high>90% 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activity, and there was no significant difference between the enzymatic and non-enzymatic extracts. The reducing power of the extracts using Shearzyme or Viscozyme was significantly higher than that of the other samples (p<0.05). Therefore, the results indicated that all enzymatic extracts (especially Viscozyme extract), except for the AMG extract, showed high antioxidant activity compared to the non-enzymatic extract. These result suggested that the enzymatic extracts of C. sinensis can be used in functional foods.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.279-286
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• 2008

The antioxidative activity of various enzymatic extracts from leaves of Perilla frutescens var. japonica was evaluated by measuring 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxyl, and alkyl radical scavenging activity using an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer. For this study, the leaves were enzymatically hydrolyzed by 8 carbohydrases (Dextrozyme, AMG, Promozyme, Maltogenase, Termamyl, Viscozyme, Celluclast, and BAN) and 9 proteases [Flavourzyme, Neutrase, Protamex, Alcalase, PP-trypsin (trypsin from porcine pancreas), papain, pepsin, $\alpha$-chymotrypsin, and BP-trypsin (trypsin from bovine pancreas)]. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of Promozyme and Alcalase extracts were the highest, and the $IC_{50}$ values were 77.25 and $109.66\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. All enzymatic extracts of the leaves scavenged hydroxyl radical, and the $IC_{50}$ values of Celluclast and pepsin extracts which were the highest activity were 243.34 and $241.86\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The BAN and $\alpha$-chymotrypsin extracts showed the highest scavenging activities, and the $IC_{50}$ values were 21.13 and $33.23\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. The pepsin extracts from the leaves showed protective effect on $H_2O_2$-induced DNA damage. In addition, the pepsin extracts decreased cell death in PC-12 cells against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative damage. The findings of the present study suggest that enzymatic extracts of the leaves possess antioxidative activity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.135-141
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• 2018

This study investigated the immuno-potentiating activities of Japanese mud shrimp Upogebia major. We examined the effects of enzymatic hydrolysate from U. major on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) and on the expression of pro-inflammation cytokines including $TNF-{\alpha}$, IL-6 and $IL-1{\beta}$ in RAW 264.7 cells. The treatment of six enzymatic hydrolysates of U. major (alcalase, ${\alpha}$-chymotrypsin [${\alpha}-Chy$], trypsin, pepsin, neutrase, protamex) significantly increased the production of NO in RAW 264.7 cells, with ${\alpha}-Chy$ having the greatest effect. This hydrolysate was fractionated by two ultrafiltration membranes at 3 and 10 kDa to created three fractions (below 3 kDa, between 3 and 10 kDa, and above 10 kDa). Of these, the <3 kDa and >10 kDa fractions showed significant increases in NO production. These two fractions also induced $PGE_2$ production in RAW 264.7 cells and showed significant increases in the expression of all cytokines studied. These results suggest that enzymatic hydrolysate from U. major is a potentially useful food material with immune-potentiating effects.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.297-304
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• 2012

Pylaiella littoralis was collected in the Chuuk lagoon of the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM). The FSM has a variety of coral reef ecosystems, which provide essential materials, such as minerals, vitamins, essential amino acids, for marine organisms. In this study, the antioxidant activities of ethanol and enzymatic extracts of P. littoralis were evaluated by measuring their scavenging activities on DPPH free radical, Alkyl radical, hydroxyl radical and cell viability. The enzymatic extracts were hydrolyzed to prepare water soluble extracts by using five carbohydrate degrading enzymes (AMG, Celluclast, Termamyl, Ultraflo, and Viscozyme) and five proteases (Alcalase, Flavourzyme, Kojizyme, Neutrase, and Protamex). As a result, the enzymatic extracts prepared by Flavourzyme, Ultraflo, and Kojizyme exhibited the greatest effects in DPPH free radical, alkyl radical scavenging activity and cell viability. Also, these enzymatic extracts had a higher antioxidant effect then commercial antioxidants in DPPH free radical and Alkyl radical scavenging activity. This study suggests that P. littoralis might be a useful source of natural antioxidants for the development of dietary supplements.