• Journal of International Academy of Physical Therapy Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.1586-1590
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to measure empathy in physical therapy students using a self-report measure of empathy. One hundred seventy students from three different majors participated in the study. The physical therapy group consisted of 49 people, 24 men and 25 women. The psychotherapy group has 59 people, 17 males and 42 females. 62 participants were randomly assigned to the engineering group, with 18 males and 44 females. It was hypothesized that empathy would be higher in physical therapy students compared to those in engineering. Empathy Quotient (EQ) supported the research hypothesis, with students in physical theapy higher than students in engineering There is no statistically significant difference in the EQ between physical therapy and psychotherapy. There were also differences in empathy according to major and gender. Our research suggests that empathy needs to be promoted through education and training.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.5356-5363
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to validate the Korean Version of the Empathy Quotient-Short form(EQ-Short-K) in a sample of Korean nursing students. A total 528 students(494 female, 34 male) were studied by 2 groups. To provide a validity of the Empathy Quotient-Short form in Korean sample, exploratory factor analysis, reliability test and Pearson correlation coefficient were conducted. In study 1 (N=298), the finding of factor analysis confirmed that 11 of the 22 EQ-Short items were presented as a single-factor structure. The reliability estimate of the EQ-Short-K was high(.88). In terms of criterion validity, the EQ-short-K correlated positively with Interpersonal Reactivity Index(IRI)(r=.279, p<.000). In study 2 (N=230), the finding identified that the EQ-Short-K correlated positively with Interpersonal Competence Questionnaire(ICQ)(r=.351, p<.000). It suggested that the EQ-Short-K had satisfactory internal consistency and validity, thereby the EQ-Short-K can be used as a meaningful measure for empathy among Korean nursing domain.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.332-338
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• 2010

Previous studies have investigated the effect of empathy on relations. However, there have been few studies that found the effect of empathy on subjective well-being. This study aimed to investigate relations between empathy and subjective well-being. It was hypothesized that empathy had effects on subjective well-being in the mediation of self-esteem. Heo, J.H. and Lee, C.J. (2010) investigated the psychometric properties of EQ. However they did not do confirmatory analysis. So confirmatory analysis needs to be done in this study. Data was collected from 421 College student (male 192, female 225), and analyzed by SEM and path analysis. Results revealed that 3 factors model of EQ was proper, and EQ had effects on subjective well-being in the mediation of self-esteem. This suggested that empathy be a very important factor in our culture, and fulfillment of cultural task enhance self-esteem, which improve subjectve well-being. And cultural features should be considered in the study of empathy.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.123-131
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• 2018

This study investigated associations between attachment and friendship. This study also examined the mediating effects of empathy on the association between two variables. Participants consisted of $4^{th}$ to $6^{th}$ grade elementary school children including 173 boys and 141 girls. Two elementary schools were located in Seoul and Bucheon. Children participated in a peer nomination interview. They nominated their three most liked peers. Children's responses to the best friend of the peer nomination identified the children's best friends. A Friendship Quality Scale measured children's positive friendship quality and friendship satisfaction. Children completed the Inventory of the Parent and Peer Attachment Scale that assessed maternal and paternal attachment. In addition, they completed a children's version of the Empathy Quotient that measured empathy. Pearson's correlation and Structural Equation Modeling were used to analyse the data. The results indicated that attachment had a direct influence on friendship network. Children who had the high levels of attachment security had large friendship network. However, attachment did not have a significant effect on friendship quality. Moreover, empathy had mediating effects on the association between attachment and friendship quality as well as the friendship network. The results of this research highlight the importance of attachment and empathy on children's friendship.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.203-212
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• 2019

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine the correlation between the self-esteem of health science college students and their empathy for others. Methods : A survey was administered to 448 students from the five departments of health science (Occupational Therapy, Physical Therapy, Dental Hygienics, Nursing, and Medical Administration) at a college located in Busan, South Korea, between September 28 and November 2, 2017. To measure their self-esteem and empathy for others, the Self-esteem Scale and the Korean Empathy Quotient (K-EQ) Scale were used. Results : There were statistically significant differences in social skills as a sub-item of empathy skills based on age and department, as well as in emotion as a sub-item of empathy skills based on sex. Self-esteem and all the items of empathy showed meaningful differences based on monthly expenses, while self-esteem and cognition as a sub-item of empathy skills displayed significant differences based on source of monthly income. Noteworthy differences were also found in self-esteem and emotion as a sub-item of empathy skills based on satisfaction with current school life. Self-esteem and empathy skills were shown to have a positive correlation. Conclusion : According to the results of this study, self-esteem and empathy skills had a statistically significant correlation. Further research is needed to investigate how health science college students can improve their understanding of themselves and their empathy for others.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.241-255
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• 2018

Objective: The purpose of this research was to examine the moderating effect of children's negative emotionality on the relationship between maternal attitude toward children's emotional expression based on the differential susceptibility model. Methods: Participants were 216 preschool children including 116 boys and 100 girls from day care centers and preschools located in Chungchung province and Seoul. EAS was used to measure the children's negative emotionality. The children's empathy quotient was used to measure empathy. Mothers reported their attitude toward children's emotional expression. Results: The results revealed that the association between empathy and maternal suppression of children's emotional expression was significant only for the children with high levels of negative emotionality. Moreover, the magnitude of association between empathy and maternal acceptance of children's emotional expression was greater for high levels of negative emotionality. Conclusion/Implications: It was concluded that these findings supported the differential susceptibility model.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.129-136
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• 2021

Objectives: To investigate the relationship between brain structure and empathy in early adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Nineteen early adolescents with ADHD and 20 healthy controls underwent 3T MRI. All the participants were assessed for different aspects of empathy using measures including the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and Empathy Quotient. Cortical thickness and subcortical structural volume based on T1-weighted scans were analyzed using FreeSurfer. Results: Cognitive empathy (t=-2.52, p=0.016) and perspective taking (t=-2.10, p=0.043) were impaired in the ADHD group compared with the control group. The cluster encompassing the left posterior insular, supramarginal, and transverse temporal cortices [cluster-wise p-value (CWP)=0.001], which are associated with emotional empathy, was significantly smaller in the ADHD group, and the volume of the left nucleus accumbens was greater than that of the control group (F=10.12, p=0.003, effect size=0.22). In the control group, the left superior temporal (CWP=0.002) and lingual cortical (CWP=0.035) thicknesses were positively associated with cognitive empathy, while the right amygdala volume was positively associated with empathic concern (Coef=14.26, t=3.92, p=0.001). However, there was no significant correlation between empathy and brain structure in the ADHD group. Conclusion: The ADHD group had a smaller volume of the cortical area associated with emotional empathy than the control group, and there was no brain region showing significant correlation with empathy, unlike in the control group.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.59-68
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• 2018

Purpose : In this research, I tried to examine the effect of handwork activities through group activities on self-esteem and sympathy index. Method : In this research, for men and women enrolled in K university, we explain sufficiently the purpose and method of research and randomly assign to 20 training group and 20 control group for those who agreed with experiment we divided handwork activities twice a week from november 18, 2016 to December 6, six times in total for 30 minutes. Results : Compared with self-esteem among groups, group training exercises showed higher interpersonal relationships than control group, and self-accepted items and self-efficacy items decreased. empathy comparison that group fits according to arbitration period compared with group control training group, group of training exercise high emotional sympathy items and social skills items appear high, cognitive sympathy items are low. Conclusion : From the results of this study, it turned out that the activities of handwork by group improved interpersonal relationships, emotional sympathy and social skills. In light of the results of these studies, it can be considered that better results can be obtained when applied to children and young people who are forming self-esteem and cognitive sympathy. In future research, further studies based on age, sex and further research corresponding to each situation, student's self esteem and a broader material for developing program necessary for cognitive sympathy can be obtained.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.127-141
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to develop and validate the measure of individual Servant Leadership Quotient (SLQ). For the purpose, a total of 100 questions were composed based on the relevant literature and previous studies. As a result of exploratory factor analysis, it was classified into five factors, and the final choice corresponds to 40 questions. The first factor comprises thirteen items reflecting listening (5 items), empathy (4 items), healing (4 items), and the second factor consists of nine items which are futuristic view (2 items), stewardship (3 items), commitment to the growth of others (4 items), community building (4 questions). The third factor is conceptualization (5 questions), the fourth factor is recognition (5 questions), and the fifth factor is persuasion (4 questions). The reliability of the final selected items was .97, and there was a statistically high correlation between the overall Servant Leadership Quotient and the subfactors within the range of r = .788 ~ .872. As a result of one-way ANOVA to find out the relationship between demographic variables, the overall Servant Leadership Quotient was not different according to gender, but it was significantly different among elementary, middle, high school students and adults. As a result of the post-test, there were no differences among the student groups (elementary and middle school) in the overall Servant Leadership Quotient, but there were differences between the early adult and middle adult groups. This study is meaningful because the questions are structured to measure individual Servant Leadership Quotient (SLQ), which goes beyond the scope of groups or organizations Servant Leadership Quotient.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.5-23
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• 2000

This study of the characteristics and the relationships of children's emotional intelligence (EQ) and self-esteem had a sample of 1060 5th grade children. The rank order of four EQ factors from highest to lowest was "perception of emotion", "other-regulation and self-expression", "self-regulation and emotion utilization", and "empathy". Among self-esteem factors, "general self-worth" had the highest correlation with overall self-esteem; "physical appearance" was most strongly correlated with "general self-worth". Relationships between EQ and self-esteem showed that higher EQ was associated with higher self-esteem. Among EQ factors, "other-regulation and self-expression" was the strongest predictor of "behavioral conduct." The next strongest predictor of self-esteem among EQ factors was "self-regulation and utilization of emotion". Other self-esteem factors well predicted by EQ were "general self-worth", and "scholastic competence".