• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.33-42
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• 2010

Recently, the reduction of greenhouse gases(GHG) for climate change is the most important international issue. In order to control efficiency GHG emission rate reduction, it is essential to establish GHG emission inventory preferentially. The emission of ships that are emitting its $CO_2$ in international waters is becoming chief among the issues which country is put under an obligation. In the IMO reports, shipping is estimate to emit 1,046million tonnes of $CO_2$, which corresponds to 3.3% of global emission during 2007. International shipping is estimated to have emitted 870 million tonnes, about 2.7% of global emission of $CO_2$ in 2007. In this study, the general information of GHG emission, based on fuel consumption statistic, Tier 1, and the emission inventory is calculated to break down in to domestic and international emission. The GHG emission from ships in Korea was total 31,646 Gg $CO_2$-eq in 2009, which is included fishing, Korea flag coastal ship, Korea flag ocean going ship and foreign flag ships. And domestic emission and international emission was 5,398Gg $CO_2$-eq, 7,630Gg $CO_2$-eq and foreign flag ship was 18,618Gg $CO_2$-eq respectively.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2013

This study investigated the effects of organic matter decomposition on the emission of greenhouse gas under the influence of environmental factors such as change of climate condition ($CO_2$ concentration and temperature), vegetation, and N concentration in the soil of Gyeongan stream in the laboratory. The experimental results showed that organic matter decomposition and $CH_4$, $CO_2$ flux were influenced by changes of complex environmental conditions. Organic matter decomposition rate was affected by changes of climate condition with N concentration and climate condition with vegetation. Through the results of $CH_4$, $CO_2$ flux, $CH_4$ flux was affected by change of climate condition with N concentration and climate condition with vegetation and affected by the presence of vegetation and N concentration. $CO_2$ flux was affected by change of climate condition with vegetation and vegetation with N concentration. According to results of the study, change of (1) climate conditions, (2) vegetation, and (3) N concentration, each have an effect on organic decomposition rate, that also influences emission of greenhouse gas. It is known that climate change is related to an increase in greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere However, additional study will be needed whether vegetation could remove positive effect of nitrogen addition in soil since this study shows opposite results of organic matter decomposition in response to the nitrogen addition.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.151-165
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• 2013

This article addresses potential errors in accounting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions based on the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives' (ICLEI's) International Local Government Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis Protocol (IEAP). The IEAP seems to provide practical guidelines for local governments so that they can measure their GHG emissions. The outcomes are immediately convertible for any national GHG inventory analysis when one is constructed based on the methodology drafted by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Further, it provides a societal foundation at the global level in order for local governments to collectively deal with 'double-counting' and 'allocation' problems. However, ICLEI's IEAP overlooks two major issues: (1) the protocol does not consider carbon dioxide emissions due to burning biological fuel as a type of GHG emission; and (2) it overlooks the possibility of indirect double-counting when producing emission factors at the local level. Thus, the limitations must be fixed so that the local governments can measure their GHG emissions more precisely, while the accurate GHG inventory will ultimately support reducing the local governments' emissions to mitigate anthropogenic climate change.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.119-134
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• 1990

The purpose of this study is to find out the need for sex education of middle school students and their parents. For the data collection, the survey was conducted during the period from September 10 to September 20, 1989 by using prepared questionnaire. A questionnaire was given to 592 students of 1st, 2nd and 3rd grade from four middle schools and to 408 their parents in Suwon City. The major results are summarized as follow; 1. Among the 25 questions were asked about knowledge of sex, the structure of reproductive organs, physical change during puberty, menstruation, Sexually stimulation and family plan were answered correctly by over 50% of the students. The higher the grade, the more the knowledge of sex. There was no significant difference between this knowledge and with eider sister or brother. Among the 20 questions were asked about knowledge of sex, sexually stimulation, pregnancy, emission, induced abortion and sexually transmitted disease were answered correctly by over 50% of the parents. 2. 30 questions were asked about attitude of sex, 47.7% of the students and 53.4% of the parents answered 'positive'. There was no significant difference between grade and sex of students. A significant difference '.vas not also found between years and education level of parents. 3. In case of students, experience of sex education was showed the structure of reproductive organs, physical change during puberty, temper during puberty, menstruation, emission more. In the event of parents, experience of sex education was showed the structure of reproductive organs, temper during puberty, menstruation, emission, relationship with apposite sex more. Most students felt that sex education should begin from the first grade of middle school and the first grade of high school strongly. In parents was showed the need for sex education from the primary school and the first grade of middle school highly. Namely, students and parents felt that sex education should begin from puberty. To help good developments and growth of middle school students with rapid change should be educated sex eduction properly for the occasion.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.453-460
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the potential quantity of Korean Offset Credits (KOC) resulting from Certified Emission Reductions (CER) in 98 domestic Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) projects that were registered with the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as of the end of 2016. Our results show that the total amount of potential KOC is 62,774 kt CO2eq. The potential KOC is only 23.4% of the total CER Issuance. During the first phase, this will be 3.2% of the allocated volume. This is because many projects are related to Renewable Portfolio Standard (RPS), HFC-23, and adipic acid N2O. There is a strong bias in some sectors and projects which could act as market distortion factors. Therefore, it is necessary to expand the target CDM project and activate non CDM offset projects. RPS projects bring fundamental changes to the energy sector, and it is worth reconsidering their acceptability. A wide variety of policy incentives are needed to address strong biases toward certain sectors and projects. The offset scheme has the advantage of allowing entities to reduce their GHG emissions cost effectively through a market mechanism as well as enabling more entities to participate in GHG reduction efforts both directly and indirectly. In contrast, having an inadequate offset scheme range and size might decrease the effort on GHG reduction or concentrate available resources on specific projects. As such, it is of paramount importance to design and operate the offset scheme in such a way that it reflects the situation of the country.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.471-485
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• 2018

The Republic of Korea (ROK) has made many efforts to reduce greenhouse gases through a legal framework, making obligations to reach domestic and overseas targets via the Paris Convention in 2015. China recently launched a nation-wide emission trading system (ETS) and has considered extending this ETS to include the ROK. This study examines the possibility of linking the ETS between ROK and China by considering the institutional design elements of the ETS. Additionally, this study provides policy implications to reach Korea's overseas reduction target. For the research methodology, the design elements of both the ROK and China policies were analyzed by categorizing their standard design elements based on the International Carbon Action Partnership. This paper focuses on four main barriers (cap type, borrowing, offset and price ceiling) based on their environmental benefits and analyzes the challenges to combining the design elements between the ROK and China systems. The two ETS commonly share the same cap types, and there is similar institutional progress regarding the offset and price ceiling. In addition to this, note that China has a borrowing system that is opposite to the borrowing system in ROK. According to these findings, there are major challenges to linking the ROK and China systems due to differences in the major design elements. Thus, it is necessary to modify the Korean domestic borrowing system and understand the Chinese institutional processes related to environmental negotiation to achieve further cooperation.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.135-148
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• 2013

This paper attempts to explain the energy policy to respond to climate change that is debated in recent years. Especially by the case of Germany among developed countries, the study investigates the direction, strategy and measure of energy policy which are implemented at the national level. The Energy policy of Germany revealed through this study will provide implications for the establishment and propulsion of the energy policy trying to overcome the crisis of energy resources and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Firstly, this study reviews Germany's supply and consumption of energy and trends of greenhouse gas emission, and secondly discusses the process of the historical development of Germany's energy policy.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.14
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• pp.349-370
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• 2000

The environmental problems such as global climate change, global waming, ozone depletion, environmental pollution have been caused by the rapid economic growth, increasing in use of fossil fuels for industrialization and scientific technology development. Especially human activities are significantly altering the atomosphere's composition and its radiative properties. To Stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system, the international community adopted the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1992 and Kyoto protocol in 1997. Also to protect ozone layer the international community adopted the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer in 1985, and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987. To achieve global environmental objectives, some multilateral environmental agreements includes trade regulation. For example, Montreal Protocol includes the provisions to regulate the world trade of the sudstances which might destroy ozone layer. However Kyoto Protocol has no provisions to regulate trade and is not in force yet. Although there is no trade regulation article in Kyoto Protocol, the international world trade will be influenced by limitation and reduction of CO2 and strengthening the CO2 emission standard for import good. For example Korean car industy agreed with EU to reduce CO2 emission from new passenger car and Korean Semiconductor industry agreed with WSC(World Semiconductor Council) to reduce PFCs in 1999.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.327-327
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• 2019

The study will quantify the total uncertainties in streamflow and precipitation projections for Upper Awash River Basin located in central Ethiopia. Three hydrological models (GR4J, CAT, and HBV) will be used to simulate the streamflow considering two emission scenarios, six high-resolution GCMs, and two downscaling methods. The readily available hydrometeorological data will be applied as an input to the three hydrological models and the potential evapotranspiration will be estimated using the Penman-Monteith Method. The SCE-UA algorithm implemented in PEST will be used to calibrate the three hydrological models. The total uncertainty including the incremental uncertainty at each stage (emission scenarios and model) will be presented after assessing a total of 24 (=$2{\times}6{\times}2$) high-resolution precipitation projections and 72 (=$2{\times}6{\times}2{\times}3$) streamflow projections for the study basin. Finally, the primary causes that generate uncertainties in future climate change impact assessments will be identified and a conclusion will be made based on the finding of the study.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2021

Slag blended concrete is widely used as a mineral admixture in the modern concrete industry. This study shows an optimization process that determines the optimal mixture of air-entrained slag blended concrete considering carbonation durability, frost durability, CO2 emission, and materials cost. First, the aim of optimization is set as total cost, which equals material cost plus CO2 emission cost. The constraints of optimization consist of strength, workability, carbonation durability with climate change, frost durability, range of components and component ratio, and absolute volume. A genetic algorithm is used to determine optimal mixtures considering aim function and various constraints. Second, mixture design examples are shown considering four different cases, namely, mixtures without considering carbonation (Case 1), mixtures considering carbonation (Case 2), mixtures considering carbonation coupled with climate change (Case 3), and mixtures of high strength concrete (Case 4). The results show that the carbonization is the controlling factor of the mixture design of the concrete with ordinary strength (the designed strength is 30MPa). To meet the challenge of climate change, stronger concrete must be used. For high-strength slag blended concrete (design strength is 55MPa), strength is the control factor of mixture design.