• Advances in Computational Design
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.71-87
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• 2017

This study focuses on the efficiency and applicability of dynamic relaxation methods in form-finding of membrane structures. Membrane structures have large deformations that require complex nonlinear analysis. The first step of analysis of these structures is the form-finding process including a geometrically nonlinear analysis. Several numerical methods for form-finding have been introduced such as the dynamic relaxation, force density method, particle spring systems and the updated reference strategy. In the present study, dynamic relaxation method (DRM) is investigated. The dynamic relaxation method is an iterative process that is used for the static equilibrium analysis of geometrically nonlinear problems. Five different examples are used in this paper. To achieve the grading of the different dynamic relaxation methods in form-finding of membrane structures, a performance index is introduced. The results indicate that viscous damping methods show better performance than kinetic damping in finding the shapes of membrane structures.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.255-262
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• 2018

This study attempted to evaluate the process of self-forming dynamic membrane formation on mesh filter in membrane bioreactor with a two-stage method of batch (agitation) and continues (aeration) stage at different sludge concentrations. Four concentrations of activated sludge including $6{\pm}0.4$, $8{\pm}0.5$, $10{\pm}0.3$, $14{\pm}0.3g/L$ were used to demonstrate the optimal concentration of sludge for treating municipal wastewater and reducing fouling in dynamic membrane bioreactor. The formation time and effluent turbidity were decreased in the batch stage when increasing the activated sludge concentration. The minimum values of formation time and effluent turbidity were 14 min and 43 NTU for the optimum mixed liqueur suspended solids of $8{\pm}0.5g/L$, respectively. To improve operational condition and fouling reduction in the aeration stage, critical fluxes were measured for all concentrations by flux-step method. With increasing the sludge concentration, the relevant critical fluxes reduced. The optimum subcritical flux of $30L/m^2/h$ was applied as operating flux in the second stage. The maximum COD removal efficiency of 98% was achieved by the concentration of $8{\pm}0.5g/L$. Compressibility index of self-forming dynamic membrane and transmembrane pressure trend remained somewhat constant until the optimal concentration of $8{\pm}0.5g/L$ and thereafter they increased steeply.

• Membrane and Water Treatment
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.231-242
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• 2012

The performance of a nanofiltration membrane for treatment of a low-level radioactive liquid waste was investigated through static and dynamic tests. The liquid waste ("carbonated water") was obtained during conversion of $UF_6$ to $UO_2$. In the static tests membrane samples were immersed in the waste for 24, 48 or 72 h. The transport properties of the samples (hydraulic permeability, permeate flow, selectivity) were evaluated before and after immersion in the waste. In the dynamic tests the waste was permeated in a permeation flow front system under 0.5 MPa, to determine the selectivity of NF membranes to uranium. The surface layer of the membrane was characterized by zeta potential, field emission microscopy, atomic force spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy. The static test showed that the pore size distribution of the selective layer was altered, but the membrane surface charge was not significantly changed. 99% of uranium was rejected after the dynamic tests.

• International Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.34-39
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• 2015

Experimental studies were conducted on the liquid sloshing characteristics in a spherical tank covered with a flexible membrane. A spherical acrylic tank with 145.2 mm in radius was used as a test tank, and it was half-filled with water. Silicon membranes with 0.2 mm thickness were used as a test membrane with plane or hemispherical types. The test tank was harmonically excited in a vertical direction by an electro-dynamic exciter. In this case, a parametric instability vibration comes up when the excitation frequency is twice the natural frequency. Parametric instability regions of natural modes were measured for three cases, i.e. liquid surface is free, covered with plane membrane and hemi-spherical membrane.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.497-505
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• 2021

Water management is essential to improve the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells. This study targets to understand the characteristics of water concentration in proton exchange membrane fuel cells at a dynamic load variable environment. The fuel cell model was developed to simulate nonlinear water transport in membrane by the MATLAB/Simulink^® (MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA) platform, and it calculates water content in membrane, ionic conductivity, and predicts fuel cell performance through one-dimensional analysis.

• 한국공간구조학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국공간구조학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.19-24
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• 2008

본 논문은 풍동실험과 정적하중 실험을 실시하여 강풍 설계시 대공간 구조물의 막구조 동적응답을 확인하여 거스트 계수(gust factor)를 산출해 보고자한다. 이를 위해 섬유재료의 변형률에 따라 하중을 구할 수 있는 막재료 성능실험과 4가지(saddle형, wave형, arch형, point형) 막구조 모형에 따른 횡방향 동적하중과 동적변형응답을 측정할 수 있는 풍동실험, 동적변형응답에 따라 정적하중을 구할 수 있는 정적하중실험을 실시함으로써 거스트 계수(gust factor)를 산출하였다.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.145-152
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• 2009

본 논문에서는 풍하중을 받는 평면 막구조물의 동적불안정 판정을 규명하였다. 풍하중을 받는 막구조물의 지배방정식을 정식화할 경우 가장 중요한 것은 막 표면의 공기 압력을 합리적으로 산정하는 것이다. 베르누이 윈리에 의하여 유체 압력은 속도 퍼텐셜과 관계를 가지며 않은 날개 원리에 의해 막 표면 공기의 움직임을 일련의 와류로 간주하고 속도 퍼텐셜을 구할 수 있다. 이 논문에서는 가장 많이 쓰이는 3 절점 삼각형 막요소를 이용하여 가중 잔여치 갤러킨법을 적용한 안정 평가의 판별식을 유도하였다. 수치해석 모델로는 정사각형과 직사각형의 막구조물을 채택하였고 임계 풍속에 대한 초기인장력과 풍방향의 영향을 분석하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.93-113
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• 2011

The explicit nonlinear dynamic relaxation method (DRM) is applied to the nonlinear geodesic shape finding analysis by introducing fictional tensioned 'strings' along the desired seams with a three or four-node membrane element. A number of results from the numerical example for the nonlinear geodesic shape finding and patterning analysis are obtained by the proposed method to demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the developed method. Therefore, the proposed geodesic shape finding algorithm may improve the applicability of a four-node membrane element to membrane structural engineering and design analysis simultaneously for the shape finding, stress, and patterning analysis.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제19권8호
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• pp.105-114
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• 2018

전기응집 (Electro-coagulation)을 활용한 분리 막 생물반응기 (Membrane Bio-Reactor) 공정의 막 오염 저감 현상을 확인하고 이를 해석하고자 하였다. 전기응집의 주요 운전 인자인 전류밀도와 접촉시간 변화가 활성슬러지 혼합액의 막 여과에 미치는 영향을 관찰하고 전기응집 과정에서 발생하는 수산화금속염이 막 오염에 미치는 역할에 대해 연구하였다. 전류밀도를 $10A/m^2$으로 높게 유지한 경우에는 전기응집 시간이 증가하여도 막 오염 감소 효과가 크지 않은 반면 $2.5A/m^2$의 낮은 전류밀도 하에서는 전기응집 시간이 증가하면 추가적인 막 오염 감소가 관찰되었다. 즉, 막 오염을 감소시키는 전류밀도와 접촉시간의 곱이 전체 막 오염 저감 정도를 지배하고 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 주어진 전류밀도와 인가시간에서 입도분포는 크게 변화하지 않은 것으로 나타나 콜로이드 입자와 막 오염 저감과는 큰 관련성이 없는 것으로 판단되었다. 그러나 전기응집을 통해 생성된 수산화알루미늄 (인산알루미늄)이 막 여과 과정에서 동적 막 (Dynamic Membrane)을 형성하여 막 오염 현상을 완화하는 것으로 확인되었다. 전기응집에서 발생한 수산화금속염이 막 표면에 동적 막을 형성하고 이로 인해 유입수의 입자성분이 직접 막 표면과 내부에 침적되는 것을 방해하고 동적 막에 주로 쌓이게 함으로써 막 오염이 감소된 것이다. 본 연구에서 밝힌 수산화금속염에 의한 동적 막의 역할은 전기응집을 활용한 MBR 공정의 후 막 오염 감소 메커니즘을 해석하는데 중요한 역할을 한다고 결론지을 수 있다.

• 멤브레인
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.85-95
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• 1994

이 논문은 막을 통한 전기적 여과시 동적이동현상을 연구하는데 있다. 액상에서의 전기적 대류는 막내에서의 전하고분자 물질의 속도를 증진시키는데, 이 문제의 해법은 액상과 교상의 직접적인 접촉을 통해 연구되었다. 연산자이론이 이 문제를 풀기 위해 적용되었고, 막에서의 물리적 변수들을 분석하는데 이용되었다. 이논문의 이론적 고찰은 분리조작 설계하는데 이용된다.