• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.63.1-63.14
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• 2022

Background: Chicken anemia virus (CAV) causes chicken infectious anemia, which results in immunosuppression; the virus has spread widely in chicken flocks in China. Objectives: The aim of this study was to understand recent CAV genetic evolution in chicken flocks in Guangxi Province, southern China. Methods: In total, 350 liver samples were collected from eight commercial broiler chicken farms in Guangxi Province in southern China from 2018 to 2020. CAV was detected by conventional PCR, and twenty CAV complete genomes were amplified and used for the phylogenetic analysis and recombination analysis. Results: The overall CAV-positive rate was 17.1%. The genetic analysis revealed that 84 CAVs were distributed in groups A, B, C (subgroups C1-C3) and D. In total, 30 of 47 Chinese CAV sequences from 2005-2020 belong to subgroup C3, including 15 CAVs from this study. There were some specific mutation sites among the intergenotypes in the VP1 protein. The amino acids at position 394Q in the VP1 protein of 20 CAV strains were consistent with the characteristics of a highly pathogenic strain. GX1904B was a putative recombinant. Conclusions: Subgroup C3 was the dominant genotype in Guangxi Province from 2018-2020. The 20 CAV strains in this study might be virulent according to the amino acid residue analysis. These data help improve our understanding of the epidemiological trends of CAV in southern China.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.175-181
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• 2022

COVID-19 is an acute respiratory syndrome that affects the host's breathing and respiratory system. The novel disease's first case was reported in 2019 and has created a state of emergency in the whole world and declared a global pandemic within months after the first case. The disease created elements of socioeconomic crisis globally. The emergency has made it imperative for professionals to take the necessary measures to make early diagnoses of the disease. The conventional diagnosis for COVID-19 is through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) testing. However, in a lot of rural societies, these tests are not available or take a lot of time to provide results. Hence, we propose a COVID-19 classification system by means of machine learning and transfer learning models. The proposed approach identifies individuals with COVID-19 and distinguishes them from those who are healthy with the help of Deep Visual Embeddings (DVE). Five state-of-the-art models: VGG-19, ResNet50, Inceptionv3, MobileNetv3, and EfficientNetB7, were used in this study along with five different pooling schemes to perform deep feature extraction. In addition, the features are normalized using standard scaling, and 4-fold cross-validation is used to validate the performance over multiple versions of the validation data. The best results of 88.86% UAR, 88.27% Specificity, 89.44% Sensitivity, 88.62% Accuracy, 89.06% Precision, and 87.52% F1-score were obtained using ResNet-50 with Average Pooling and Logistic regression with class weight as the classifier.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.494-503
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• 2023

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a plant pathogen of Brassica crops that causes black rot disease throughout the world. At present, 11 physiological races of Xcc (races 1-11) have been reported. The conventional method of using differential cultivars for Xcc race detection is not accurate and it is laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, the development of specific molecular markers has been used as a substitute tool because it offers an accurate and reliable result, particularly a quick diagnosis of Xcc races. Previously, our laboratory has successfully developed race-specific molecular markers for Xcc races 1-6. In this study, specific molecular markers to identify Xcc race 7 have been developed. In the course of study, whole genome sequences of several Xcc races, X. campestris pv. incanae, X. campestris pv. raphani, and X. campestris pv. vesicatoria were aligned to identify variable regions like sequence-characterized amplified regions and insertions and deletions specific to race 7. Primer pairs were designed targeting these regions and validated against 22 samples. The polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that three primer pairs specifically amplified the DNA fragment corresponding to race 7. The obtained finding clearly demonstrates the efficiency of the newly developed markers in accurately detecting Xcc race 7 among the other races. These results indicated that the newly developed marker can successfully and rapidly detect Xcc race 7 from other races. This study represents the first report on the successful development of specific molecular markers for Xcc race 7.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.59-70
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• 2024

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic (the form of coronaviruses) developed at the end of 2019 and spread rapidly to almost every corner of the world. It has infected around 25,334,339 of the world population by the end of September 1, 2020 [1] . It has been spreading ever since, and the peak specific to every country has been rising and falling and does not seem to be over yet. Currently, the conventional RT-PCR testing is required to detect COVID-19, but the alternative method for data archiving purposes is certainly another choice for public departments to make. Researchers are trying to use medical images such as X-ray and Computed Tomography (CT) to easily diagnose the virus with the aid of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based software. Method: This review paper provides an investigation of a newly emerging machine-learning method used to detect COVID-19 from X-ray images instead of using other methods of tests performed by medical experts. The facilities of computer vision enable us to develop an automated model that has clinical abilities of early detection of the disease. We have explored the researchers' focus on the modalities, images of datasets for use by the machine learning methods, and output metrics used to test the research in this field. Finally, the paper concludes by referring to the key problems posed by identifying COVID-19 using machine learning and future work studies. Result: This review's findings can be useful for public and private sectors to utilize the X-ray images and deployment of resources before the pandemic can reach its peaks, enabling the healthcare system with cushion time to bear the impact of the unfavorable circumstances of the pandemic is sure to cause

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.5
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• pp.577-584
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• 2007

Adipocyte-specific secretory factor(ADSF)/resistin, an hormone, is a small cysteine-rich protein secreted from adipose tissue and ADSF/resistin has been implicated in modulating adipogenesis in human and rodents. Although the exact role of ADSF/resistin in bovine has not been identified, it may have directly or indirectly involved in adipocyte differentiation. The objective of this study was to investigate its DNA polymorphism associated with carcass traits in Korean Native Cattle(Hanwoo). To investigate DNA polymorphism in Hanwoo ADSF/resistin gene, blood samples were taken from 295 Hanwoo steers belonging to progeny testing at Hanwoo Improvement Center in Korea. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) were found in intron regions but not in any other regions including promoter (1.7kb) and 4 exons. The highest frequency among SNPs was C186A(0.16/0.84) following G964A (0.156/0.884). The significant correlation(P<0.05) between the SNPs and economic traits was found on 764Ains associated with marbling but not from any other SNPs determined.  A computer simulation was also conducted to assess the efficiency of marker assisted selection(MAS) versus the conventional breeding scheme.  Results revealed that MAS was more efficient as a breeding tool compared to the conventional. In conclusion, ADSF/Resistin gene is one of candidate genes to evaluate the quality, especially marbling score, in Hanwoo.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.103-108
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• 2020

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important pathogenic bacteria and can cause severe foodborne disease. For STEC detection, conventional culture methods have disadvantages in the fact that conventional culture takes a long time to detect and PCR can also detect dead bacteria. To overcome these problems, we suggest a bacteriophage amplification assay, which utilizes the ability of bacteriophages to infect living cells and their high specificity. We used a combination of six bacteriophages infecting E. coli to make the bacteriophage cocktail and added ferrous ammonium sulfate as a virucidal agent to remove free-bacteriophages. When cherry tomato and paprika were artificially inoculated with the cocktail at a final concentration of around 3 log CFU/mL and were enriched for at least 5 h in mTSB broth with Novobiocin, approximately 2-3 log PFU/mL were detected through the bacteriophage amplification assay. Therefore, bacteriophage amplification assay might be convenient and a useful method to detect STEC in a short period of time.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.703-712
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• 2012

Adeno-associated virus (AAV) has been considered to be a very safe and efficient gene delivery system. However, the major obstacles to therapeutic usage of AAV have been to achieve highly efficient and reproducible production processes, and also to develop a reliable quantifying method of various serotypes with a simple protocol. We compared the efficiency of the conventional production protocol of AAV2 and adenovirus (Ad) co-infection to that of a new method containing AAV2 infection followed by pHelper transfection. We tested HEK293 and 293T, and further examined the time-dependent changes of AAV2 production. The new method of AAV2 and pHelper DNA gave about ten times higher production efficiency than that of the conventional protocol. The highest production efficiency in 293T was achieved as $1.61{\times}10^5$ virus genomes (v.g.)/cell by the new method of 10 MOI of AAV2 infection and 5 days post-infection. This protocol of the highest efficiency was then applied to produce various AAV serotypes and showed the efficiencies higher than $10^5$ v.g./cell. Next, we designed the universal PCR primers of highly conserved regions for various AAV serotypes to develop a simple and reliable titration method. The universal primers could amplify all the tested AAV serotypes with similar sensitivities by ten molecular copies. Therefore, this pair of universal primers can be further utilized to detect AAV contaminants in therapeutic adenoviral vectors.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.344-352
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• 2003

Background : The prevalence of multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB), resistant to isoniazid (INH) and rifampin (RFP), was 5.3% worldwide in 1995 and its increment has raised important public health problems. Resistance to RFP, one of the key drugs in the treatment of tuberculosis, results in grim clinical outcome. Recently rapid detection of RFP-resistant mutations in rpoB gene based on PCR method has become available. This study evaluated the prevalence of RFP resistance in first diagnosed, treatment failure, and recurred patients using INNO-LiPA test, and compared the results of INNO-LiPA with those of conventional mycobacterial drug susceptibility test. Methods : Forty-six patients, who were diagnosed of pulmonary tuberculosis and had revealed positive sputum AFB smear, were enrolled in this study from 1998 to 2002. The cases were classified as one three groups; first diagnosed, treatment failure, or recurred. RFP resistance was studied using an INNO-LiPA Rif. TB kit and compared with that obtained from drug susceptibility based on M. tuberculosis culture study. Results : Twenty-one out of 46 patients were enrolled under first diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis, 17 under treatment failure with first line drugs, and 8 under recurrence. The positive and negative predictive values of INNO-LiPA test in diagnosis in RFP resistant tuberculosis compared with conventional mycobacterial drug susceptibility test were 85.7% and 76.0%, respectively. INNO-LiPA result revealed rpoB gene mutation in 20 (80.0%) out of 25 patients who were diagnosed as treatment failure or recurrence, but in only 4 (19.0%) out of 21 patients who were first diagnosed as pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusion : This study showed that RFP resistance could be diagnosed rapidly and accurately using INNO-LiPA test and that this test might be helpful for choosing second line anti-mycobacterial drugs. It might be of great help in clinical diagnosis and decision when used in complimentarily with drug susceptibility test based on M. tuberculosis culture.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.221-230
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• 2022

The fire blight caused by Erwinia amylovora (Ea) was first reported in 2015 in Korea, and the disease has rapidly spread to 22 regions until 2021. In Korea, all host plants in the apple and pear orchards where fire blight occurred should be eliminated and buried by the Plant Protection Act. To prevent the spread of the disease, all burial sites were prohibited from planting the new host plants for the next three years. To confirm the eradication efficiency of Ea and the reoccurrence of fire blight, the surveillance facilities were established on three burial sites from 2019 to 2020 in Anseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, and Chungju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do. As host plants, five apple trees of fire blight-susceptible cultivar 'Fuji', were planted in each facility. All facilities were enclosed with fences and nets and equipped with two CCTVs, motion sensors, and several other sensors for recording weather conditions to monitor the environment of the sentinel plants in real-time. The sentinel plants were checked for the reoccurrence of fire blight routinely. Suspicious plant parts were collected and analyzed for Ea detection by loop-mediated isothermal amplification polymerase chain reaction and conventional polymerase chain reaction. Until November 2022, Ea has not been detected in all sentinel plants. These results might support that the burial control of infected plants in soil works efficiently to remove Ea and support the possibility to shorten the prohibition period of host plant establishment in the burial sites.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.110-117
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• 2006

During routine maintenance, animal cell lines are commonly cryopreserved in growth medium containing serum with 10% DMSO. But, in case of bioprocess under the serum-free conditions, including cultivation of cell lines and producing of pharmaceuticals, the cryopreservation should be executed without serum to prevent a cross-contamination. This experiments were performed to investigate the effects of the serum-free cryopreservation on the CHO cells. To improve the survival rates of the cryopreserved CHO cells in serum-free condition, first, the effects of permeable and non-permeable additives for substitute serum on cell viability were investigated. The combination of 10% DMSO and 0.03 M raffinose in MEM-${\alpha}$ without serum indicated 76% of cell viability. However, it did not reach the survival rates(more than 95%) of the conventional cryopreservation. In the second, to evaluate the cryopreservative ability of the serum-free medium(SFM) we compared viability of the CHO cells cryopreserved in the SFMs(Sigma C5467, C4726, and C1707, JBI SF486 and PF486), the cryoprotectant(Genenmed CAN-1000) and the MEM-${\alpha}$ with serum. All solution contained 10% DMSO. As a result of the comparison, cryopreserved cells in the SFMs showed over 95% of viability and appeared predominant viability better than cryoprotectant CAN-1000. Finally, we assessed the stability of the CHO cells in the long-term cryopreservation(LTC) using SFM. Every three months, the cryopreserved CHO cells were thawed to estimate the cell viability and the recovery rates. Then, real-time RT-PCR analyzed the inserted CHO DHFR gene. All results for the LTC appeared the same stability as the serum containing cryopreservation. In the conclusion, it could be seen that the LTC in the SFM can substitute for serum using methods in the bioprocess proceeded by CHO cells for more than 18 months.