• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.139-144
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• 1976

In order to investigate the properties of enzymes from two strains of mold, reported in the previous paper, (1) studies have been made concerning the characteristics of cellulase of Aspergillus niger-SM6 and Trichoderma viride-SM10, and summarized as follows. 1. In the semi-purification the recovery of ${\beta}-glucosidase$ was the highest when 80-90% ethanol was used and 0.8 saturation of $(NH_4)_2SO_4$. 2. The characteristics of the semi-purified enzyme were as follows. Aspergillus niger-SM6 Trichoderma viride-SM10 Optimum pH 3.5 4.0 pH stability 3.0-6.0 3.0-6.0 Optimum temperature $60^{\circ}C$ $60^{\circ}C$ Heat stability below $60^{\circ}C$ below $50^{\circ}C$ Optimum reaction time 30 min. 60 min. Optimum CMC concentration 3% 3% 3. The Km values of CMCase were 0.8% and 1.01 for Aspergillus niger-SM6 and Trichoderma viride-SM10, respectively. 4. In the strain of Aspergillus niger-SM6, there were high activity of xylanase and pectinase.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.101-109
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• 2003

Provitamin $B_5$ liquid crystal ($PVB_5$-LC) was the new emulsion system to enhance moisturizing activity on the skin. In this study, it should be mentioned that PVB5-LC could be prepared with the main compound of hydrogenated lecithin (HL) in oil-in water (O/W) emulsion. The key ingredient of humectants was contained 2% of provitamin $B_5$ ($PVB_5$) into the $PVB_5$-LC. The best suitable compositions of $PVB_5$-LC were made from 4.0 wt% of HL, 4.0 wt% of cetostearyl alcohol (CSA) as emulsifier and gelling agent, 3.0 wt% of 1,3-butylene glycol (1,3-BG) and 2.0 wt% of glycerin as moisturizers, 3.0 wt% of cyclomethicone (CMC), 3.0 wt% of isononanoate (ININ), 3.0 wt% of capric/caprylic triglyceride (CCTG), 3.0 wt% of macadamia nut oil (MNO) as emollients. As the analytical result of $PVB_5$-LC, it could know that the distribution range of particle size was 0.14 to 12.37 m level (mean size 3.24 m). It was certified the multi lamellar phase around the droplet of liquid crystal when observed the droplet particles through a polarization microscope. And it clinically was tested the effectiveness of moisturizing activity (in-vivo) compared with control sample (O/W emulsion). The effectiveness of moisturizing activity of $PVB_5$-LC with Skincon-200EX after 6 hours went up 49.0% (p<0.05, n=20) whereas the effectiveness of moisturizing activity of generally O/W emulsion cream was 25.7% (p<005, n=20). Also, in case of Comeometer CM-825, the moisturizing activity of $PVB_5$-LC after 6 hours rose 36.6% (p<0.05, n=20) whereas the effectiveness of moisturizing activity of generally O/W emulsion cream was 10.8%. Therefore, it was known that the effectiveness moisturizing activity of $PVB_5$-LC with HL was remarkably superior compared with O/W emulsion cream.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.594-602
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• 1998

Titanium hydroxide (TiO({{{{ {OH }_{2 } }})) fine particles were produced by the reverse micelle technique. For the formation of titanium hydroxide (TiO({{{{ {OH }_{2 } }})) particles with the technique reversed micellar solution was prepared by solubilizing water into organic solvent (isooctane) with a surfactant and titanium alkoxide (tetraisopropyl orthotitanate) diluted with isopropyl alcohol was added to the reversed micellar solution. The hdrolyzed species (TiO({{{{ {OH }_{2 } }})) was formed by the hydrolysis of titanium alkoxide and titanium dioxide is then formed by the condensation of the hydrolyzed species. There are several process variables such as surfactants concentration of surface cosurfactant hydrolysis temperature and pH. In this work the ef-fects of process variables on paticle shapes particle size distribution and paticle agglomeration were bi-nodal for an anionic surfactant(AOT) in the whole range of temperature pH and surfactant concentration of this experiment. The addition of ethanol as a cosurfactant resulted in narrow particle size distribution of the experiment. The additiono of ethanol as a cosurfactant resulted in narrow particle size distribution and 0.12${\mu}{\textrm}{m}$ of smaller average particle diameter. FT-IR spectrum of particles shows the absorption peak of Ti-OH bonding and Ti-O bonding. An exothermic peak around 41$0^{\circ}C$ in TGA-DTA curve shows that crys- tallized anatase phase appears and completely transits to anatase around 45$0^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.311-319
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• 2011

Overusing chemical fertilizers involves potassium accumulation in the soil, which can become a toxicity problem in agriculture. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of potassium (K) treatment on growth, physiological characteristics, and morphological changes using Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. campestris). With high (600 mM) K treatment, the plant growth traits of leaf length, leaf area, and fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots decreased, whereas chlorophyll content increased. As the concentration of K increasing, total N, P, and K increased in leaves, but concentrations of Ca, Mg, and Na decreased. However, Mn, Fe and Zn contents were highest in 100 mM K treatment. Chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids increased with increasing K concentration. Maximum photochemical efficiency ($F_v/F_m$) was not significant in the all treatments, whereas $CO_2$ assimilation decreased with increasing K level due to stomatal degradation. Total free amino acids increased with the 10 and 100 mM K but decreased at 600 mM K treatments. Therefore, the growth and physiological characteristics of Chinese cabbage ascertained that tolerance up to 100 mM K when grown with nutrient solution in pot culture.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.549-563
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• 2010

The environmental behaviors of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mainly governed by their solubility and partitioning properties on soil media in a subsurface system. In surfactant-enhanced remediation (SER) systems, surfactant plays a critical role in remediation. In this study, sorptive behaviors and partitioning of naphthalene in soils in the presence of surfactants were investigated. Silica and kaolin with low organic carbon contents and a natural soil with relatively higher organic carbon content were used as model sorbents. A nonionic surfactant, Triton X-100, was used to enhance dissolution of naphthalene. Sorption kinetics of naphthalene onto silica, kaolin and natural soil were investigated and analyzed using several kinetic models. The two compartment first-order kinetic model (TCFOKM) was fitted better than the other models. From the results of TCFOKM, the fast sorption coefficient of naphthalene ($k_1$) was in the order of silica > kaolin > natural soil, whereas the slow sorbing fraction ($k_2$) was in the reverse order. Sorption isotherms of naphthalene were linear with organic carbon content ($f_{oc}$) in soils, while those of Triton X-100 were nonlinear and correlated with CEC and BET surface area. Sorption of Triton X-100 was higher than that of naphthalene in all soils. The effectiveness of a SER system depends on the distribution coefficient ($K_D$) of naphthalene between mobile and immobile phases. In surfactant-sorbed soils, naphthalene was adsorbed onto the soil surface and also partitioned onto the sorbed surfactant. The partition coefficient ($K_D$) of naphthalene increased with surfactant concentration. However, the $K_D$ decreased as the surfactant concentration increased above CMC in all soils. This indicates that naphthalene was partitioned competitively onto both sorbed surfactants (immobile phase) and micelles (mobile phase). For the mineral soils such as silica and kaolin, naphthalene removal by mobile phase would be better than that by immobile phase because the distribution of naphthalene onto the micelles ($K_{mic}$) increased with the nonionic surfactant concentration (Triton X-100). For the natural soil with relatively higher organic carbon content, however, the naphthalene removal by immobile phase would be better than that by mobile phase, because a high amount of Triton X-100 could be sorbed onto the natural soil and the sorbed surfactant also could sorb the relatively higher amount of naphthalene.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.190-196
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• 2012

In this study, a total of more than 1,000 bacteria, including 739 species of aerobic bacteria, 80 species of urease producing bacteria and 303 species of photosynthetic bacteria, were isolated from red-pepper field soils located in the Gyeongsan Province of the Republic of Korea. Amongst these, 158 species of aerobic bacteria, 70 species of urease producing bacteria and 228 species of photosynthetic bacteria were found to be auxin producing soil bacteria through quantification analysis with the Salkowski test. The latter groupings were then tested for antifungal activities to ${\beta}$-Glucanase and siderophore using CMC congo red agar and CAS blue agar media. In addition, the selected strains were examined for antifungal activity against various phytopathogenic fungi on PDN agar media. Six strains; BCB14, BCB17, C10, HA46, HA143, and HJ5, were noted for their ability to both produce auxin and act as antifungal substances. 16S rDNA sequence comparison analyses of these six strains identified them as Bacillus subtilis BCB14, B. methylotrophicus BCB17, B. methylotrophicus C10, B. sonorensis HA46, B. subtilis HA143, and B. safensis HJ5.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate optimum conditions for the production of cellulose-degrading crude enzymes by an isolated marine bacterium. A marine microorganism producing an extracellular cellulose-degrading enzyme was isolated from the red seaweed, Grateloupia elliptica Holmes. The isolated bacterium was identified as Cellulophaga lytica by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis and physiological profiling and designated as Cellulophaga lytica PKA 1005. The optimum conditions for the growth of Cellulophaga lytica PKA 1005 were pH 7, 2% NaCl, and $30^{\circ}C$ with 36 h incubation time. To obtain the crude enzyme, the culture medium of the strain was centrifuged for 30 min at $12,000{\times}g$ and $4^{\circ}C$, and the supernatant was used as crude enzyme. The optimum conditions for the production of the cellulose-degrading crude enzyme were pH 8, $35^{\circ}C$, 8% carboxyl methyl cellulose, and 60 h reaction time.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 2007

Auxin-producing antagonistic bacterium K11, which can inhibit Phytophtora capsici, was isolated from a local red-pepper field soil in Gyeong-buk. In order to check for additional PGPR(plant growth promoting rhizobacterium) functions of the strain K11, we confirmed siderophore and cellulase productions by CAS (chrome azurol S) blue agar and CMC plate with congo red, respectively. The strain K11 was identified as Bacillus licheniformis with 98% similarity on 16s rDNA comparison and Biolog analyses. B. licheniformis K11 promoted mung bean adventitious root induction and enhanced root growth of mung bean (160%), pea (150%), and Chinese cabbage (130%), Also, B. licheniformis K11 was able to effectively suppress (63%) P. capsici causing red-pepper blight in the pot in vivo test. Therefore, we could select a triple-functional PGPR which has auxin, siderophore, and cellulase producing ability for effective crops production in organic farming.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.312-321
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• 2014

Tricholoma bakamatsutake is one of the edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms as an allied species of Tricholoma matsutake. This is the first report on physical characteristics of T. bakamatsutake strains collected from Quercus mongolica forests in Korea. The pure cultures of these strains were isolated from the tissues of fruit bodies and the culture characteristics were investigated under different conditions (media, temperatures, nitrogen sources). Most strains showed the highest mycelial growth on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 20 or $25^{\circ}C$. Two strains of T. bakamatsutake preferred the ammonium-form rather than the nitrate-form as an inorganic nitrogen source. T. bakamatsutake showed significantly slower mycelial growth when compared with T. matsutake from a Korean forest, although the optimum culture conditions for the two allied species were similar. We also tested the ability to form mycorrhizae as well as cellulase activity of T. bakamatsutake. All strains showed cellulase activity on a carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) agar plate. The mycorrhizae on axenic Pinus densiflora seedlings were formed by two strains of T. bakamatsutake after 3 or 8 months of inoculation. P. densiflora seedlings inoculated with T. bakamatsutake had a much higher biomass than un-inoculated seedlings.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.182-192
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• 2000

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various kinds of composts on the amount of maximum composts in upland soils. Field experiments were conducted in the loam and sandy loam soils. Various kinds of composts such as poultry manure compost(PMC), cow manure compost(CMC), human excrement sludge(HES), and food industrial sludge compost(FISC) were applied annually at rates of 0, 40, and $80Mg\;ha^{-1}$ to soils grown with soybean and maize plants for 4 years during 1994 to 1997. The results of this study were as follows : Maize dry matter production was related linearly positively with application amount of compost, but soybean dry matter production was showed an apex at $60Mg\;ha^{-1}$, maize produced 4.7 times dry matter as compared to soybean. Rate of nitrogen utilization of maize were 21~31% and that of soybean were 8~19%, rate of phosphorous utilization of maize were 5~7% and that of soybean were l~2%. On the basis of biomass maximum application rates of poultry manure compost were $39{\sim}47Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for maize cultivation and $8{\sim}13Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for soybean cultivation. On the other hand those amounts estimated by nitrogen requirement of crops were 39~47 and $8{\sim}13Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for maize and soybean cultivation, respectively. Based on phosphorous requirement of crops those were 29 and $14Mg\;ha^{-1}$ for maize and soybean cultivation, respectively. Considering the upper limit of the base saturation percentage to be 80%, maximum application rates were 63~93 and $49{\sim}69Mg\;ha^{-1}$ in loam and sandy loam soil, respectively.