• Electronic Materials Letters
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.669-677
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• 2018

In this work, the high ${\kappa}$ $Zr_xAl_{1-x}O_y$ films with a different Zr concentration have been deposited by atomic layer deposition, and the effect of Zr concentrations on the structure, chemical composition, surface morphology and dielectric properties of $Zr_xAl_{1-x}O_y$ films is analyzed by Atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and capacitance-frequency measurement. The effect of Zr concentrations of $Zr_xAl_{1-x}O_y$ gate insulator on the electrical property and stability under negative bias illumination stress (NBIS) or temperature stress (TS) of ZnSnO (ZTO) TFTs is firstly investigated. Under NBIS and TS, the much better stability of ZTO TFTs with $Zr_xAl_{1-x}O_y$ film as a gate insulator is due to the suppression of oxygen vacancy in ZTO channel layer and the decreased trap states originating from the Zr atom permeation at the $ZTO/Zr_xAl_{1-x}O_y$ interface. It provides a new strategy to fabricate the low consumption and high stability ZTO TFTs for application.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2019

To find proper lathe machining parameters for SA182 Grade 304 stainless steel (SS), six kinds of samples with different machining surface states were prepared using a lathe. Surface morphologies and microstructures of near surface deformed layers on different samples were analysed. Surface morphologies and chemical composition of oxide films formed on different samples in simulated primary water with $100{\mu}g/L\;O_2$ at $310^{\circ}C$ were characterized. Results showed that surface roughness was mainly affected by lathe feed. Surface machining caused grain refinement at the top layer. A severely deformed layer with different thicknesses formed on all samples. In addition to high defect density caused by surface deformation, phase transformation, residual stress, and strain also affected the oxidation behaviour of SA182 Grade 304 SS in the test solution. Machining parameters used for # 4 (feed, 0.15 mm/r; back engagement, 2 mm; cutting speed, 114.86 m/min) and # 6 (feed,0.20 mm/r; back engagement, 1 mm; cutting speed, 73.01 m/min) samples were found to be proper for lathe machining of SA182 Grade 304 SS.

• 공업화학
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.711-717
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• 2011

전자충격반응을 고려한 three moment 플라즈마 모델과 전기적 중성성분의 반응을 고려한 유체 유동 모델을 결합하여 용량결합형 산소플라즈마에 대한 2차원적 전산모사 연구를 수행하였다. 전자의 에너지에 의하여 좌우되는 전자충격반응에 대한 반응속도는 전자와 $O_2$ 및 O 사이의 전자충돌단면적으로부터 계산되었다. 플라즈마 모델과 유체 유동 모델을 결합하고 상세한 반응메커니즘을 포함시킴으로써 전하를 띠는 전자와 이온($O_2{^+}$, $O^+$, $O_2{^-}$, and $O^-$) 그리고 기저상태의 산소($O_2$ and O)뿐만 아니라 $O_2(a^1{\Delta}_g)$, $O_2(b^1{{\Sigma}_g}^+)$, $O(^1D)$, $O(^1S)$ 등과 같이 산소플라즈마 특성에 중요한 역할을 하는 준안정상태 성분들의 시공간적 분포를 예측할 수 있었다. 또한 산소플라즈마의 전산모사로부터 sheath 경계에 이중층이 존재함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 대한금속재료학회지
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• 제46권11호
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• pp.730-736
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• 2008

$TiO_2$ nanotubes fabricated in aqueous HF-based electrolytes have been generally grown only to about 500nm in length because of the strong dissolubility of HF acid. In this paper, ethylene glycol solution has been applied for increasing the length of the anodic $TiO_2$ nanotubes, and the growth behaviors of the nanotubes according to water contents has been investigated. Anodization of Ti in ethylene glycol + 1 wt% $NH_4F$ (EG solution) with water additions up to 10 wt% were carried out at the constant voltage of 20 V. The results show that a thin titanium oxide layer is formed in the initial stage and the nanotube structure grows underneath the initial layer. And the length of $TiO_2$ nanotubes decreases with the increasing water content in the solution. It can be ascribed to the locally acidified circumstance around the barrier layer inside the nanopore due to $H^+$ ion originated from water. The XPS for the nanotubes suggests that the spectra of Ti2p and O1s are the major chemical bonding states of the $TiO_2$, and those for F1s, N1s and C1s come from the compound of $(NH_4)_2TiF_6$.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.389-397
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• 2022

Carcass vascular rinsing and chilling involves infusing a chilled isotonic solution (98.5% water and a blend of mono- and di-saccharides and phosphates) into the vasculature immediately upon exsanguination. Primary purposes of carcass vascular rinsing are to (1) effectively remove residual blood from the carcass; (2) lower internal muscle temperature rapidly; and (3) optimize pH decline by effective delivery of glycolytic substrates in the rinse solution. Previous studies have revealed that the beef carcass vascular rinsing early postmortem positively affects meat quality, product shelflife, and food safety. Thus, the objective of this review is to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the physical and biochemical mechanisms associated with beef carcass vascular rinsing, focusing on the relationship between quality attributes (CIE L^*, a^*, b^*; chemical states of myoglobin; oxygen consumption and sarcomere length) and muscle metabolic response to various substrate solutions (Rinse & Chill^®, fructose, sodium phosphate, and dipotassium phosphate) that stimulate or inhibit the rate of glycolysis early postmortem. In addition, this review discusses the absence of metabolite residues (phosphorus, sodium, and glucose) related to the application of the chilled isotonic solution. This review primarily focuses on beef and as such extending the understanding of the mechanisms and meat quality effects discussed to other species associated with vascular rinsing, in particular pork, may be limited.

• 청정기술
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.202-209
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• 2009

질소 도핑된 $WO_3$ ($WO_3$:N) 막을 반응성 RF 마그네트론 스퍼터링을 이용하여 상온에서 증착한 다음, $300^{\circ}C$에서부터 $500^{\circ}C$의 온도 구간에서 후열처리(post-annealing)하였다. $WO_3$ 내 질소 음이온은 O 2p valence state와의 mixing effect 의해 광학적 밴드갭을 줄임으로써 장파장 영역의 빛을 흡수할 수 있었다. 더욱이 $350^{\circ}C$ 이상의 후열처리에 의해 $WO_3$:N의 결정성이 크게 향상됨을 발견하였으며, 동일 온도에서 열처리된 순수한 $WO_3$ 막보다 광전기화학 특성이 휠씬 우수한 셀 성능을 가짐을 알 수 있었다.

• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2023

We attempted to provide an overview of the laws and current state of the 3D printing industry in South Korea and around the world, using the annual industry surveys and the Wohler report. Additionally, we reviewed articles relating to the potential exposure to hazards associated with 3D printing using metal materials. In South Korea, there were 406 3D printing-related businesses, employing 2,365 workers, and the market size was estimated at 455.9 billion won in 2021. Globally, the average growth rate of the 3D printing industry market over the past 10 years was 27.4%, and the market size was estimated at $11.8 billion in 2019. The United States had the highest cumulative installation ratio of industrial 3D printers, followed by China, Japan, Germany, and South Korea. A total of 6,168 patents related to 3D printing were registered in the US between 2010 and 2019. Harmful factors during metal 3D printing was mainly evaluated in the powder bed fusion and direct energy deposition printing types, and there is a case of material extrusion type with metal additive filaments. The number, mass, size distribution, and chemical composition of particles were mainly evaluated. Particle concentration increases during the opening of the chamber or post-processing. However, operating the 3D printer in a ventilated chamber can reduce particle concentration to the background level. In order to have a safe and healthy environment for 3D printing, it is necessary to accumulate and apply knowledge through various studies.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제56권3호
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• pp.208-218
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• 2023

Photocatalysts are advanced materials which accelerate the photoreaction by providing ordinary reactions with other pathways. The catalysts have various advantages, such as low-cost, low operating temperature and pressure, and long-term use. They are applied to environmental and energy field, including the air and water purification, water splitting for hydrogen production, sterilization and self-cleaning surfaces. However, commercial photocatalysts only absorb ultraviolet light between 100 and 400 nm of wavelength which comprises only 5% in sunlight due to the wide band gap. In addition, rapid recombination of electron-hole pairs reduces the photocatalytic performance. Recently, studies on blackening photocatalysts by laser, thermal, and plasma treatments have been conducted to enhance the absorption of visible light and photocatalytic activity. The disordered structures could yield mid-gap states and vacancies could cause charge carrier trapping. Herein, liquid phase plasma (LPP) is adopted to synthesize Ag-doped black ZnO for the utilization of visible-light. The physical and chemical characteristics of the synthesized photocatalysts are analyzed by SEM/EDS, XRD, XPS and the optical properties of them are investigated using UV/Vis DRS and PL analyses. Lastly, the photocatalytic activity was evaluated using methylene blue as a pollutant.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2014

지구시스템 이해에 중요한 지구 내부 맨틀 물질의 거시적인 성질을 이해하기 위해서는 고압상태의 Mg-규산염 결정질 및 비정질 물질에 대한 원자구조와 그에 수반하는 전자구조에 대한 이해가 필요하다. 근래에 in-situ 고압 실험의 어려움을 피하여 고압환경에 존재하는 지구물질의 원자구조와 그 전자구조를 규명하기 위한 방법론으로서 밀도 범함수 이론에 기반을 둔 양자화학계산이 많이 이용되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 FP-LAPW (full-potential linearized augmented plane wave) 방법론을 이용하는 WIEN2k 프로그램을 통하여 25 GPa와 120 GPa의 $MgSiO_3$ 페로브스카이트(Pv)의 전자 오비탈의 PDOS (partial density of states)와 O원자 K-전자껍질 ELNES (energy-loss near-edge structure) 스펙트럼을 계산하였다. 두 압력 조건의 $MgSiO_3$ Pv에 대하여 계산된 전자 오비탈의 PDOS와 O원자 K-전자껍질 ELNES 스펙트럼은 뚜렷한 차이를 보이고 있었다. 이와 같은 결과는 $MgSiO_3$ Pv에서 압력 증가에 의한 Si 원자 배위수의 변화가 나타나지 않더라도 Si-O 결합거리, O-O거리, Mg-O거리와 같은 O원자 주변 국소 원자구조의 변화가 O원자 주변 전자구조에 뚜렷한 영향을 미칠 수 있음을 의미한다. 본 연구의 결과는 $MgSiO_3$ 결정질 및 비정질 물질의 압력에 의한 전자구조 변화의 미시적 기원을 이해하고 더욱 나아가 다양한 지구물질의 압력에 의한 원자구조 변화와 그에 수반되는 전자구조 변화의 관계를 이해하는데 많은 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

• 공업화학
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• 제7권6호
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• pp.1034-1042
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• 1996

DCCA로 1-도데카놀을 이용한 수식 졸-겔법에 의한 $TiO_2-SiO_2$계분체를 합성하였으며, 이들 합성분체에 대한 characterization과 광활성촉매에 대해 검토하였다. $500^{\circ}C$까지의 감량변화는 TiO2단독분체가 33.0wt%, $TiO_2/SiO_2$의 몰비가 75/25, 50/50 및 25/75인 분체는 각각 67.0wt%, 70.0wt% 및 73.0wt%, 그리고 $SiO_2$단독분체는 42.5wt%이였다. 이들 탈리는 거의 대부분이 유기물질이였다. 합성직후의 분체는 $TiO_2$단독분체를 제외하고는 무정형화합물이였고, 아나타아제의 루틸로의 상전이는 $SiO_2$에 의해 억제되었다. 합성직후의 분체는 입자의 형태가 관찰되지 않았으나, $600^{\circ}C$, 1시간 가열에 의한 $TiO_2$단독분체, $TiO_2/SiO_2$의 몰비가 75/25 및 50/50인 분체는 모두 서브미크론의 입자를 보였으며, 몰비가 25/75의 분체 및 $SiO_2$단독분체는 여전히 벌크상태였다. 비표면적 역시 $SiO_2$의 증가와 함께 증가하였으며, 세공크기 역시 $SiO_2$성분에 의존하였다. 그리고 이들 가열물의 광촉매활성은, $TiO_2/SiO_2$의 몰비가 75/25인 분체의 경우, 수소발생량으로 $0.240{\mu}mol/h.g-cat.$을 나타내었으며, $TiO_2$단독분체의 그것보다는 약 2.6배, 표준광촉매물질인 P-25(Degussa P-25)보다는 약 2.0배 가량 큰 값을 나타냈다.