• 한국재료학회지
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.592-598
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• 2013

Graphene oxide powders prepared by two different drying processes, freeze drying and spray drying, were studied to compare the effect of the drying method on the physical properties of graphene oxide powder. The graphene oxide dispersion was prepared from graphite by chemical delamination with the aid of sulfuric acid and permanganic acid, and the dispersion was further washed and re-dispersed in a mixed solvent of water and isopropyl alcohol. A freeze drying method can feasibly minimize damage to the sample, but it requires a long process time. In contrast, spray drying is able to remove a solvent in a relatively short time, though this process requires exposure to a high temperature for a rapid evaporation of the solvent. The powders prepared by freeze drying and spray drying were characterized and compared by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and by an elemental analysis. The graphene oxide powders showed similar chemical compositions; however, the morphologies of the powders differed in that the graphene oxide prepared by spray drying had a winkled morphology and a higher apparent density compared to the powder prepared by freeze drying. The graphene oxide powders were reduced at $900^{\circ}C$ in an atmosphere of $N_2$. The effect of the drying process on the properties of the reduced graphene oxide was examined by SEM, TEM and Raman spectroscopy.

• 폴리머
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.565-573
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• 2011

Poly(methyl methacrylate)/aluminum hydroxide(PMMA/AH) 컴포지트의 기계적 강도를 향상시키기 위해 그래핀 산화물(GO)을 충전제로 사용하여 나노컴포지트를 제조하였다. GO는 흑연을 Hummers법으로 산화한 후 열처리에 의해 박리시켜 제조하였다. PMMA/AH 컴포지트 매트릭스와의 계면혼화성을 향상시키기 위해 산소 플라즈마를 사용하여 노출 시간을 0분에서 70분까지 변화를 주어가며 GO 표면을 개질시켰다. 노출 시간이 50분까지 증가함에 따라 산소 플라즈마 처리한 GO를 충전제로 사용한 나노컴포지트는 PMMA/AH 컴포지트에 비해 굴곡강도, 굴곡탄성률, Rockwell 경도, Barcol 경도, Izod 충격강도 모두 현저히 증가하였다. 적절한 조건에서 산소 플라즈마 처리된 GO는 PMMA/AH 컴포지트 매트릭스와의 계면접착력이 매우 우수함을 파단면 모폴로지로부터 확인하였다. 하지만 GO의 함량이 0.07 phr 이상으로 증가하면 충전제의 분산이 균일하지 못하여 나노컴포지트의 기계적 강도는 오히려 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다.

• Advances in nano research
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.15-29
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• 2016

A low cost environmentally benign surface coating binder is highly desirable in the field of material science. In this report, castor oil based hyperbranched polyester/bitumen modified fly ash nanocomposites were fabricated to achieve the desired performance. The hyperbranched polyester resin was synthesized by a three-step one pot condensation reaction using monoglyceride of castor oil based carboxyl terminated pre-polymer and 2,2-bis (hydroxymethyl) propionic acid. Also, the bulk fly ash of paper industry waste was converted to hydrophilic nano fly ash by ultrasonication followed by transforming it to an organonano fly ash by the modification with bitumen. The synthesized polyester resin and its nanocomposites were characterized by different analytical and spectroscopic tools. The nanocomposite obtained in presence of 20 wt% styrene (with respect to polyester) was found to be more homogeneous and stable compared to nanocomposite without styrene. The performance in terms of tensile strength, impact resistance, scratch hardness, chemical resistance and thermal stability was found to be improved significantly after formation of nanocomposite compared to the pristine system after curing with bisphenol-A based epoxy and poly(amido amine). The overall results of transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis and performance showed good exfoliation of the nano fly ash in the polyester matrix. Thus the studied nanocomposites would open up a new avenue on development of low cost high performing surface coating materials.

• 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국재료학회 2011년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.16.2-16.2
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• 2011

Graphene has attracted significant attention due to its unique characteristics and promising nanoelectronic device applications. For practical device applications, it is essential to synthesize high-quality and large-area graphene films. Graphene has been synthesized by eloborated mechanical exfoliation of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, chemical reduction of exfoliated grahene oxide, thermal decomposition of silicon carbide, and chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on metal substrates such as Ni, Cu, Ru etc. The CVD has advantages over some of other methods in terms of mass production on large-areas substrates and it can be easily separated from the metal substrate and transferred to other desired substrates. Especially, plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) can be very efficient to synthesize high-quality graphene. Little information is available on the synthesis of graphene by PECVD even though PECVD has been demonstrated to be successful in synthesizing various carbon nanostructures such as carbon nanotubes and nanosheets. In this study, we synthesized graphene on $Ni/SiO_2/Si$ and Cu plate substrates with CH4 diluted in $Ar/H_2$ (10%) by using an inductively-coupled PECVD (ICPCVD). High-quality graphene was synthesized at as low as $700^{\circ}C$ with 600 W of plasma power while graphene layer was not formed without plasma. The growth rate of graphene was so fast that graphene films fully covered on substrate surface just for few seconds $CH_4$ gas supply. The transferred graphene films on glass substrates has a transmittance at 550 nm is higher 94%, indicating 1~3 monolayers of graphene were formed. FETs based on the grapheme films transferred to $Si/SiO_2$ substrates revealed a p-type. We will further discuss the synthesis of graphene and doped graphene by ICPVCD and their characteristics.

• 폴리머
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.297-301
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), 가소제인 ethylene carbonate(EC), 리튬염인 $LiClO_4$ 그리고 $Na^+-MMT/organic$ MMT를 이용하여 고분자/층상 실리카 나노복합재료(polymer/(layered silicate) nanocomposites, PLSN)를 제조하였으며, organic MMT의 첨가에 따른 고분자 매트릭스에 미치는 영향을 이온전도도를 통하여 관찰하였다. 리튬전지의 전해질로서의 응용을 위해, $Na^+$를 양이온으로 갖는 순수한 MMT($Na^+-MMT$)를 유기화한 nanoclay(organic-MMT)를 사용하였다. 그 결과, 층간 거리 및 소수성이 증가하며 이와 같은 특성은 PEO와의 나노복합체를 형성할 때 MMT의 박리 거동에 영향을 미치는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 이온전도도에서는 organic MMT가 순수한 $Na^+-MMT$보다 우수함을 나타내었으며, methyl dihydrogenated tallow ammonium으로 개질된 MMT(MMT-2OA)를 첨가하였을 때 가장 높은 이온전도도를 보였다.

• 폴리머
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.162-166
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• 2013

고분자 입자에 그래핀이 코팅된 복합체를 제조하고 구조 및 형태변화를 통한 그래핀의 새로운 응용 가능성이 제기되고 있다. 그래핀이 표면에 흡착된 폴리스티렌 복합입자의 물성제어를 위해서, 물 분산매 하에 혼합방법과 혼합순서를 달리하여 흡착반응 시간과 혼합물 내의 순간적인 상대농도 차이를 조사하였다. 유화중합으로 중합된 폴리스티렌 입자에 폴리에틸렌이민을 흡착시켜 표면에 양전하를 갖게 만든 고분자 입자와, 흑연의 화학적 박리법으로 표면에 음전하를 갖도록 제조된 그래핀 산화물과의 서로 반대되는 전하를 갖는 두 입자의 흡착을 유도한 결과 흡착반응 시간이 길수록, 순간 상대 농도차가 클수록 균질하게 표면 코팅이 만들어지고, 응집이 적은 복합 입자를 제조할 수 있었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.382-387
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• 2013

압출 컴파운딩 공정 및 케스팅 필름 공정을 이용하여 생분해성 폴리우레탄(PU)/클레이 나노복합 필름을 제조하였다. PU 수지와의 강한 결합 형성을 위해 유기적으로 개질되어 그 표면에 많은 양의 히드록시기를 갖는 MMT 나노클레이(C30B)를 사용하였다. 압출 공정 중 발생된 높은 전단 응력에 의해 발현된 복합체 내 나노판상체의 삽입/박리 구조 및 분산 상태를 XRD 분석 및 TEM 관찰을 통해 확인하였다. 또한 제조된 나노복합체의 유변물성, 인장물성, 투명성, 산소투과도의 변화를 첨가된 나노클레이 함량에 따라 조사하였으며, 이로부터 나노복합체 내 나노판상체의 박리 및 분산 구조와 물성과의 상관 관계를 제시할 수 있었다. 일정수준의 함량으로 첨가된 나노클레이는 복합 필름의 인장 탄성율, 연신율, 투명성, 산소차단성 등의 성능 향상에 뚜렷하게 기여하였으나, 그 이상의 함량으로 첨가되면 불완전한 박리 및 불균질한 분산성으로 인하여 오히려 성능이 감소하거나 또는 그 증가 폭이 매우 작은 것으로 나타났다. PU/clay 나노복합 필름의 생분해성은 퇴비화 실험을 통한 분해시간에 따른 필름의 산소투과도 및 인장물성의 변화를 관찰함으로써 확인하였다.

• 청정기술
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.102-108
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 폴리락틱산(PLA)의 용융강도를 향상시키기 위하여 몬모릴로나이트(MMT), 기능성 단량체인 글리시딜 메타크릴레이트(GMA)와 반응개시제를 함유한 PLA를 이축압출기로 개질한 후 열적 특성과 및 유변학적 특성을 조사하였으며, X선 회절장치(XRD) 및 투과전자현미경(TEM) 사진을 이용하여 MMT의 분산도를 측정하였다. 이 나노복합체의 $T_g$는 GMA 함량이 증가하면 감소하는 경향을 보였으나, MMT의 양에는 크게 영향을 받지 않았다. 또한 표면분석에 의해 MMT의 양이 증가할수록 박리형(exfoliation) 보다는 삽입형(intercalation)에 가까운 나노복합체가 형성된 것을 확인하였다. 복합점도 및 저장탄성률은 MMT의 첨가에 의해 크게 증가되었다.

• Carbon letters
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• 제27권
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• pp.81-89
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• 2018

The present study aimed to prepare a novel efficient flame retardant additive for polypropylene. The new flame retardant was prepared by chemical grafting of melamine to graphene oxide with the aid of thionyl chloride. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis proved that melamine had been successfully grafted to the graphene oxide. The modified graphene oxide was incorporated into polypropylene via solution mixing followed by anti-solvent precipitatio. Homogeneous distribution as well as exfoliation of the nanoplatelets in the polymer matrix was observed using transmission electron microscopy. Thermogravimetric analysis showed a significant improvement in the thermo-oxidative stability of the polymer after incorporating 2 wt% of the modified graphene oxide. The modified graphene oxide also enhanced the limiting oxygen index of the polymer. However, the amount of improvement was not enough for the polymer to be ranked as a self-extinguishing material. Cone calorimetry showed that incorporating 2 wt% of the modified graphene oxide lowered total heat release and the average production rate of carbon monoxide during burning of the polymer by as much as 40 and 35%, respectively. Hence, it was concluded that the new flame retardant can retard burning of the polymer efficiently and profoundly reduce suffocation risk of exposure to burning polymer byproducts.

• 한국지형학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.19-42
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• 2018

In this study, we surveyed weathering progressing aspect by major elements variation and rock hardness by using XRF analysis, schmidt hammer, and thin section analysis. This observation suggested that the weathering process is likely to develop differently according to microstructural characteristics. R-value on the inside wall are lower than those on the outside. Also, the shadier the environment was, the closer it was to inshore areas, the R-value appeared to be lower. The movement of the elements such as Ca, Na and K shows that feldspar is hydrolyzed and can form salt crystallization like a gypsum or halite when they combine with the elements such as S or Cl. It proved a high CaO, $Na_2O$ and $K_2O$ content on flaking inside wall and rock meal. The exfoliation was mainly observed along the shady backwall and ceiling of tafoni. This helped in predicting the growth of tafoni as well as the direction of its progress.