• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.55-72
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to investigate developmental trends in organization strategy for taxonomic and slot-fiber lists and category typicality, use of organization strategy in relation to developmental changes in category knowledge structure, emergent organization capacity and effects in category typicality on children's recall. Moreover, the influences of children's age, use of organization strategy, list types and category typicality on children's recap were figured out. The major results were as follows. 1. Children's recall use of organization strategy increased with age. That is, the older children performed better recap and used organization strategy on both list types than the younger children. 2. AU children performed recall and used organization strategy better for the slot-filler than taxonomic list. The 4-year-olds, however, demonstrated better recap and use of organization strategy for the slot-filler than taxonomic list. While the 6-year-olds and 8-year-olds showed no such differences. These findings were supported the view that script-based slot-filler categories have a strong influence on young children's memory performance. 3. At each age level, children showed higher level of recall and use of organization strategy for category typical than category atypical list. AU children received higher scores for the typical than atypical items on recap and use of organization strategy. 4. Children's age, use of organization strategy, list types, and category typicality of lists significantly predicted children's recap.58% of the variance of children's recap was explained by four variables.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.11 no.3_4
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• pp.73-81
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate some characteristics of representation of category knowledge and script knowledge. Using primed lexical decision task with higher level primers in the representation structure, Experiment 1 examined the interaction effects between knowledge type and concept typicality. It was found that the concept typicality has some effects in category representation, while it has no significant effect in script representation. In Experiment 2, primers of the lower hierarchy in the representation structure were employed. The results showed that the main effect of knowledge type was significant: the response time for category knowledge was faster than that for script knowledge. Typicality effect did not show in this experiment. The results of t the two experiments suggest that category knowledge is represented in hierarchy and typicality. while script knowledge may lack in that characteristics. Other aspects of the differences in characteristics of category- and script- knowledge representation were discussed,

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.125-138
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• 1995

The purpose of the present research was to study developmental trends in categorical organization strategy. The subjects were 160 children - 40 nine - year - old boys, 40 nine - year - old girls, 40 seven - year - old boys, 40 seven - year - old girls. All subjects received one of three lists of items differing in category representativeness in either a free -recall or a sort -recall task. The selection of list materials permitted separation of the effects of age differences in category knowledge from those of knowledge per se on children's recall behavior. The tasks were administered to children individually with the memory task followed by the metamemory task. The data was analyzed with three - way ANOVA arid Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results were that (1) Children's recall, clustering, and metamemory increased with age, while age effects for clustering were restricted to the sort - recall/high typicality condition. At each age level, children showed higher level of recall, clustering and metamemory for category typical rather than atypical list, and sort - recall than free-recall. Level of clustering and metamemory were superior in the sort - recall task and for items of high category typicality. (2) 9 - year - old children were capable of deliberately and efficiently using category organization as a memory strategy at least when appropriate contextual support was present (as determined by task requirements and list materials: sort - recall/high typicality).

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.25-38
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to examine developmental trends in script-based organization strategy and relative influences of age, use of organizational strategy and category typicality of lists on children's recall. The subjects were 120 infant children, -40 four years old, 40 five years old, 40 six years old. All subjects were received 1 of 2 slot-filler lists of items differing in category representativness. Data were analysed by two-way Anova, Duncan's post-hoc test and Multiple Regression analysis. The major findings were as follows. 1. Recall and use of organizational strategy were increased with age. 2. At each age level, children showed high level of recall and organization strategy for category typical than category atypical. 3. Children's age, use of organizational strategy and category typicality of list significantly predicted children's recall. 42% of the variance of children's recall was explained by three variables. The relative influence of age to the prediction of children's recall was the strongest.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.568-577
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• 2018

This study investigated the typicality of the leading brand in a specific product category through comparison of personality evaluation. Measuring scales for brand personality was also used to measure the product category's personality which consumers expected generally. By pre-test, an instant coffee category was selected for product category. In the instant coffee category, three brands-'kanu', 'looka', and 'supremo'-were analyzed for this study. As a result, it was found that the leading brand, kanu had the typicality for the instant coffee category. Kanu had the same dimensions of brand personality, which were sincerity, competence, success, and sophistication, as the instant coffee product category had. Comparatively, looka had just three personalities -competence, sincerity, and sophistication-which were similar to personalities in the product category. And, supremo had only two personalities-sophistication and competence-which were similar to personalities in the instant coffee category.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.105-115
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• 2004

The 60 subjects of this study were 3rd, and 6th grade elementary and undergraduate university students. The instrument of 44 items had two typical and two atypical exemplars from 11 semantic categories. Each subject was exposed individually to the word list and asked to categorize each item. At test, subjects generated five items that came to mind in each category. Data was analyzed by 2-way ANOVA, age (3) $\times$ category of typicality (2). All main effects and the interaction effect between age and typicality were significant. There were no significant differences among age groups on typical lists while significant differences between university and elementary school students (Grades 3 and 6) were found on atypical lists. Thus, the knowledge base might be an important factor in implicit memory.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.1 s.63
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• pp.191-200
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• 2006

A design representation is reflected in the typicality of branch representation as a syntagm in combination with design factors. And the design factors form up paradigm as an attributive category which is reflected object and value of branch representations, and they are consisted of selection and combination in representative process. Selection and combination of the design attributive category also reflect the representation consciousness of operating in representative process, and they imply a cognizance about object and value of the representation. Therefore, branch representation appears an attributive structure which is required of a given field by means of the representative object and value. This is made up of the divided differentiation according to a combined mode. This study is to investigate the fact verification between typicality of attributive structure and each divided differentiation to measure consideration degree of attributive category which is consisted in the design representation. The attributive structure of representation which is affected the industrial design, the visual communication design, and the environmental design fields identifies to take the typical differentiation by means of evaluations and results of this study.

• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.87-96
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• 2002

This study investigated the influence of ideals(goal-directed design attributes) and physical common features on typicality of product design and the relationship between typicality and preference that suggested different result in prior research. So for these objectives we explored the relationship between typicality and preference with two dimensions composed of goal-directed attribute typicality and physical common features typicality. The result showed that consumers' judgment of typicality on product design was increased as the product design has ideals. This was a same result as the prior research. In addition, Increasing the physical common feature with other members in product category, consumers judged that the product design is typical. Otherwise, in results of the relationship between typicality and preference were showed that the design of ideals(goal-directed design attributes) influenced on preference positively, but the design of physical common features had an inverted U-shaped.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.11
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• pp.1-19
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• 2003

Typicality is usually defined as the degree to which an item is perceived to represent a category. Typicality has been a important subject in consumer behavior because it is related closely with brand preference, awareness and top of mind. The past studies about typicality have focused on brand and store in off-line environment. At the point of time internet shopping mall industry becomes mature, we can expect that most internet users are accustomed to it. So the study about typicality of internet shopping mall is timely. The antecedents and outcomes of typicality of internet shopping mall are mainly studied in this paper. Also, I investigated the influence of the type of internet shopping mall on typicality and the influence of typicality on preference and purchase intention. The followings are the results of this study. Firstly, frequency of exposure and attribute structure explained perceived typicality. Secondly, the type of internet shopping mall was found to be a moderator of the relationship between attribute structure and typicality. Thirdly, there is a positive correlation between typicality and preference. Finally, there is a positive correlation between typicality and purchase intention.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.329-347
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• 2017

Early research into category-based feature inference reported various phenomena in human thinking including typicality, diversity, similarity effects, etc. Later research discovered that participants' prior knowledge has an extensive influence on these sorts of reasoning. The current research tested the effects of causal knowledge on feature inference and conducted modeling on the results. Participants performed feature inference for categories consisted of four features where the features were connected either in common cause or common effect structure. The results showed typicality effects along with violations of causal Markov condition in common cause structure and causal discounting in common effect structure. To model the results, it was assumed that participants perform feature inference based on the difference between the probabilities of an exemplar with the target feature and an exemplar without the target feature (that is, $p(E_{F(X)}{\mid}Cat)-p(E_{F({\sim}X)}{\mid}Cat)$). Exemplar probabilities were computed based on causal model theory (Rehder, 2003) and applied to inference for target features. The results showed that the model predicts not only typicality effects but also violations of causal Markov condition and causal discounting observed in participants' data.