• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.6 s.86
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• pp.867-872
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• 2007

The aging is related to numerous changes in our body system which declines functional ability. The functional ability in advanced age can be evaluated by the 4 components of fitness (cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility and body composition). The understanding and knowledge of changing 4 components of fitness and the role of exercise on the process of aging is of paramount importance. Despite exercise and physical activity have been shown to delay the process of aging, the exercise guidelines and recommendations for old adults are not well published. This review is to presents the age-related changes in each component of fitness and to present current guidelines and recommendations for exercise in older adults.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.83-100
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• 1999

Modern technology has lessened the physical demand of every activities. Thus, physical inactivity has led to a rise in ‘Hypokinetic diseases’. The prefix, hypo, means lack of and kinetic refers to movement. Individuals who do not exercise regularly are at greater risk of developing hypokinetic diseases such as coronary heart disease, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, musculoskeletal disease. Systematic exercise program defenses development of hypokinetic diseases. Exercise program bases on basic physical fitness test. The physical fitness evaluation is used to degree of Wellness of the individuals. It includes the evaluation of Health-Related Physical Fitness -musclular strength, muscular endurance, flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance, body composition - and skill or sports related fitness -agility, balance, coordination, reaction time, speed. In present study, the authors investigated health-related physical fitness test result and questionnaire for 133 male and 71 female from Jannuary 16 to March 15, 1997. The purpose of this study is to observe relationship health related physical fitness and self-perceived health status. The results are as follows. 1. There were statistically significant differences in BMI, grip strength, back strength, muscular endurance, cardiorespiratory endurance, and flexibility between male and female subjects. Flexibility is higher in female than male subject, but Others are higher in male than female subjects. 2. There were statistically significant differences in grip strength, muscular endurance between 30s, 40s, and 50s group In both gender subjects, and In cardiorespiratoryendurance between the groups especially in Female subjects. 3. For male subjects, flexibilitywas measured lower in group who classified low level in self-perceived health status than group of others. Also, for female, subjects, Muscular endurance ＆ flexibility were measured. 4. It was shown that grip strength, back strength, and muscular endurance were significantly lower in group who have chronic diseases than normal group for Male subjects. But, For female subjects, all the component were statistically insignificant results between normal and disease group. 5. Both male and female subjects, there were Positive correlation among grip strength, back strength, muscular endurance, cardiorespiratory endurance, and flexibility but, negative correlation for age. Therefore, health-related physical fitness is very important component for Heath Promotion ＆ Wellness. Physical Fitness test is valuable test in health evaluation, health management and health promotion, so available for hospital, sports center, community health center, industrial field, school etc.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.449-452
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• 2013

The present study was conducted to measure the cardiorespiratory endurance of Jeju crossbred horses according to hill tests and exercise intensity, thereby providing foundational data for evaluation of running capability of horses. The nine Jeju crossbred horses were subjected to the hill test with an inclination of around $30^{\circ}$ and six out of nine horses were used to measure the cardiorespiratory endurance according to three different exercise intensities (moderate, heavy, and very heavy). The running time for the hill test was 205 sec on average, while high deviation was observed between horses from 167 to 258 sec. In addition, the running time for the hill test was highly correlated with moderate exercise. While no significant difference in average heart rate was found between exercise intensities, a trend of large variation was found in the average heart rate between horses. The heart rate recovery was highly correlated with heavy exercise and very heavy exercise. The results showed that no significant difference in average heart rate was found among three exercise intensities, but there are large individual variations among horses.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2012

The research is performed in order to know the relationship between the metabolic syndrome and the physical fitness targeted for menopausal women (over 45 years). All subjects were divided into 4 groups; group without risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MS-0: n=74), group having one risk factor of metabolic syndrome (MS-1: n=68), group having two risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MS-2: n=44), and group having more than three risk factors of metabolic syndrome (MS ${\geq}$ 3: n=30). All groups' height, weight, body mass index and percent of body fat were measured. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), triglyceride, glucose and blood pressure (BP) levels were measured. Their cardiorespiratory ($VO_2max$) endurance, muscular strength, muscle endurance, and flexibility were measured. HDL, triglyceride, glucose and BP levels in MS-1, MS-2, and MS ${\geq}$ 3 group were significantly greater than those of MS-0 group. The endurance ($VO_2max$) in MS ${\geq}$ 3 group was higher than that of MS-0 group. Multiple regression with the risk factors of metabolic syndrome and the physical fitness showed a statistical significance in only $VO_2max$. We found that the risk factors of the metabolic syndrome adversely affect postmenopausal women's $VO_2max$ and that a decreased $VO_2max$ may have prognostic value for the prediction of metabolic syndrome.

• 한국노년학
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.135-147
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• 2009

Recently, The number of hypertension is increasing with westernized diet and lack of exercise. Many researchers are trying to treat and prevent hypertension by exercise therapy. However, not only did most of studies analyze the effect and usefulness of exercise related to lowering hypertension, but also there is no analysis of the difference of fitness with regard to hypertension according to ages. It is assumed to be important research work to be continued to identify, from the public health's point of view, the difference of fitness with regard to hypertension according to ages can be a essential data for treating and preventing hypertension. Thus, this study is to identify the difference of fitness according to hypertension of adult female over 20s and emphasize the importance of fitness level to the hypertension. Also, this study is to devise valuable study by examining the difference of cardiovascular function. Subjects were 8889 of adult female over 20s. Subjects visited promotion of health center at Y Gu public health center and took comprehensive medical test including hypertension test in Seoul in Korea. It was divided into normal, prehypertension, stage I hypertension and stage II hypertension group by JNC7. The evaluation of cardiorespiratory function was by resting heart rate and lung capacity, the evaluation of fitness was by cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, power, agility, balance, and flexibility, and the difference of fitness was analyzed by ANCOVA revising independent variable of BMI, drinking, and smoking which affects hypertension. At result, there was significant difference between normal and hypertension group according to most ages in two variable of all cardiorespiratory function, seven fitness variable. Through this study, it was defined that hypertension group had lower cardiorespiratory function and fitness than normal group.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.793-802
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• 2013

There are many problems to single sports talents out of test applicants. The physical activity promotion system has been performed to all elements school students of both 5 and 6 grades in order to evaluate overall health and physical activities since 2009. This system includes some variables which could measure the students' sports latent power, so that the system could be used to single out sports talents. In this work, we propose a primary screening method that element school teachers might evaluate sports talents based on the data of the physical activity promotion system. Two more sports talent indices which are sports flexibility index and sports endurance index are defined. The selection method of sports talents is developed by using sports latent indices including sports power and cardiorespiratory indices. This method is efficient from the view of time and cost aspects, since we do not need to remeasure all elements school students again.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.211-222
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify relations among health behaviors, health symptoms and physical fitness of people in the same community. Method: The study was designed as a descriptive survey and the participants were 1,621 healthy people. Data were collected from March to December, 2003 using a structured questionnaire on health behaviors, health symptoms and physical fitness. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, $\chi^2$-test, t-test, two-way ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression using SPSS/PC. Results: The result of multiple regression showed that sex, age, and BMI were related to physical fitness. In health-related physical fitness, regular exercise was related to cardiorespiratory endurance and flexibility, and daily caffeine intake was related to muscular endurance. In performance-related physical fitness, having breakfast regularly was related to power, daily caffeine intake was related to agility, and regular lifestyle and health symptoms were related to balance. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study suggests that for better physical fitness, nursing strategies and intervention programs should include physical fitness-related factors, and education programs should be developed based on the above parameters to promote positive perception of physical fitness.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.459-468
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• 2016

This study analyzed in depth the students' health fitness trend characteristics based on the per generation characteristics longitudinal grade level document that was produced by collecting heath fitness measurements of students from all over the country for the purpose of exploring the appropriate wellness management plan. The following conclusion was derived through the collected materials and results according to the research purpose and method. First, it was determined that muscular endurance trends for both boys and girls in their elementary school period were similar for the current generation and the previous one, but as they went through their middle school period their muscular endurance development levels were found to be reduced compared with the previous generation students. Second, there was no difference in the cardiorespiratory endurance trends between the current and the previous generation students, unlike all other physical factors. Third, the boys displayed deteriorated reflex development during their growth period compared with their previous generation counterparts. On the other hand, girls displayed mostly stagnant development once they reached 8th grade level within their generation.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.306-315
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of football talents program on body composition, fitness, self-control and self-efficacy in elementary school students The subjects were eighty males students volunteers, composed of the lower group (n=40; 1-3th grade) and senior group (n=40; 4-6th grade). The test data were analyzed by paired t-test, independent t-test and two-way repeated measures ANOVA. The alpha level of p<0.05 was set for all tests of significance. The results of the study in the both group were as follows; The muscle mass in the body composition had significantly increased, and there was a significant difference between groups. Body fat mass had significantly decreased. Fitness(cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, power and agility) had significantly increased, cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength, and power was a significant difference between groups. Self-control and self-efficacy had increased significantly in both groups. Therefore, the football talents program had a positive effects on body composition and physical fitness levels of elementary school students. And it seems to be effective in increasing self-control and self-efficacy.

• Korean Journal of Occupational Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.5-21
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the physical fitness status and health promoting life styles of the workers. For the purpose, 108 workers who attended the exercise program in Inchon branch of KISCO were selected as the subjects. From Oct. 20th to Nov. 30th, in 1998, they were firstly assessed their physical fitness. The items include cardio-respiratory endurance, flexibility, muscular strength, muscular endurance, agility, power, balance, body composition, etc. Secondly, the health promoting life styles were asked by questionnaires about daily life and dietary habits. Both of them were evaluated by 5 or 3 levels as A(very good) to E(very poor) or A (good) to C(poor). Those data were analyzed percentile, mean, standard deviation by SAS program. Major findings are as follows ; 1. The health promoting life styles were generally good, but 43.5% of the subjects didn't exercise at all. Most of them(93.5%) thought about their physical fitness status as lower than average level. About half of them(48.1%) didn't drink alcohol, non smokers were 70.4% of them. But they had poor dietary habits(lower than average level : 79.6%), females were a little bit better than males. The aged group had the poor body compositions, 21.4% of females and 10.0% of males were obese. 2. Physical fitness status of the workers were assessed as two areas, one is health related, the other is physical function related area. In the health related area, females were better than males, in view of age, forties aged group had the highest scores of all items except cardio-respiratory endurance. Among 'A' and 'B' level, muscular endurance was showed most frequently, followed by muscular strength, flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance. In physical function related status, balance was ranked highly in the portion of over 'B', followed by power, agility. In view of sex, males were better than females for all items except balance, and there were various figures in the status by age groups. 3. Comprehensive assessment scores were poor(under 'D' leves were most frequent), females were better than males, and teenage group had the worst scores. In ages of the physical fitness, generally they had 1 year under their real ages, and females were better than males. In view of age, forties aged group was ranked highly and teenagers had lowest scores.