Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5352/JLS.2007.17.6.867

The changing of fitness and exercise guidelines for old adults  

Yoon, Byung-Kon (Department of Sports an Leisure study, Yonsei Univeristy)
Publication Information
Journal of Life Science / v.17, no.6, 2007 , pp. 867-872 More about this Journal
Abstract
The aging is related to numerous changes in our body system which declines functional ability. The functional ability in advanced age can be evaluated by the 4 components of fitness (cardiorespiratory endurance, muscular strength and endurance, flexibility and body composition). The understanding and knowledge of changing 4 components of fitness and the role of exercise on the process of aging is of paramount importance. Despite exercise and physical activity have been shown to delay the process of aging, the exercise guidelines and recommendations for old adults are not well published. This review is to presents the age-related changes in each component of fitness and to present current guidelines and recommendations for exercise in older adults.
Keywords
cardiorespiratory endurance; muscular strength and endurance; flexibility; body composition; fitness;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Poehlman, E. T., T. L. McAuliffe, D. R. Van Houten and E. Danforth. 1991. Influence of age and endurance training on metabolic rate and hormones in healthy men. Am. J. Physiol. 59, E66-E72
2 Poulin, M. J., A. A. Vandervoort, D. H. Paterson, J. F. Kramer and D. A. Cunningham. 1992. Eccentric and concentric torques of knee and elbow extension in young and older men. Can. J. Sport Sci. 17, 3-7
3 Rice, C. L., D. A. Cunningham, D. H. Paterson and M. S. Lefcoe. 1989. Arm and leg composition determined by computed tomography in young and elderly men. Clin. Physiol. 9, 207-220   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Rice, C. L.and D. A. Cunningham. 2002. Aging of the neuromuscular system: influences of gender and physical activity, pp. 121-150, In Shephard, R. J. (ed.), Gender, Physical Activity, and Aging, CRC Press LLC. Boca Raton, Fla
5 Robergs, R. A. and S. J. Keteyian. 2000. Fundamentals of Exercise Physiology for Fitness, Performance, and Health. pp. 361, McGraw-Hill Higher Education. New York, NY.
6 Rodeheffer, R., G. Gerstenblith, L. Becker, J. Fleg, M. Weisfeldt and E. Lakatta. 1984. Exercise cardiac output is maintained with advancing age in healthy human subjects; cardiac dilation and increased stroke volume compensate for diminished heart rate. Circulation 69, 203-213   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Roubenoff, R. 2001. Origins and clinical relevance of sarcopenia. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 26, 78-89   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Hoffman, C., D. Rice, and H. Y. Sung. 1996. Persons with chronic conditions: their prevalence and costs. JAMA 276, 1473-1479   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Hortobagyi, T., D. Zheng, M. Weinder, N. J. Lamber, S. Westbrook, and J. A. Houmard. 1995. The influence of aging on muscle strength and muscle fiber characteristics with special reference to eccentric strength. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 50, B399-406
10 Hubley-Kozey, C. L., J. C. Wall and D. B. Hogan. 1995. Effects of a general exercise program on passive hip, knee, and ankle range of motion of older women. Top. Geriatr. Rehabil. 10, 33-44   DOI
11 Goldspink, G. 1991. Cellular and molecular aspects of adaptation in skeletal muscle. pp. 211-229, In Komi, P. V. (eds.), Strength in Power and Sport, Blackwell Scientific. Boston, Mass
12 Kang, W. K., J. T. Kwon and W. K. Kook. 2007. Reconsideration The Relationship Between The Rapid Aging of The Societies and The Older Driver`s Traffic Accidents. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering 27, 19-26   과학기술학회마을
13 Kent-Braun, J. A., A. V. Ng, and K. Young. 2000. Skeletal muscle contractile and noncontractile components in young and older women and men. J. Appl. Physiol. 88, 662-668   DOI
14 Leenders, N. 2003. The elderly. pp 571, In Ehrman, J. K., P. M. Gordon, P. S. Visich and S. J. Keteyian (eds.), Clinical Exercise Physiology, Human Kinetics. Champaign, Ill
15 Lung, M. W., H. D. Hartsell and A. A Vandervoort. 1996. Effects of aging on joint stiffness: implications for exercise. Physiother. Canada 48, 96-106
16 Moll, J. M. H. and V. Wright. 1971. Normal range of spinal mobility. An objective clinical study. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 30, 381-386   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Nadel, E. R. and L. DiPietro. 1995. Effects of physical activity on functional ability in older people: translating basic science findings into practical knowledge. Med. Sci. Sports. Exerc. 26, s36
18 Burbank, P. M., D. Reibbe, C. A. Padula and C. Nigg. 2002. Exercise and older adults: changing behavior with the transtheoretical model. Orthopedic Nursing 21, 51-62
19 Chapman, E.A., H. A. deVries and R. Swezey. 1972. Joint stiffness: effects of exercise on young and old men. J. Gerontol. 27, 218-221   DOI   ScienceOn
20 Davy, K. and D. Seals. 1994. Total blood volume in healthy young and older men. J. Appl. Physiol. 76, 2059- 2062   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Dehn, M. M. and R. A. Bruce. 1972. Longitudinal variations in maximal oxygen intake with age and activity. J. Appl. Physiol. 33, 805-807   DOI
22 Doherty, T. J., A. A. Vandervoort, A. W. Taylor and W. F. Brown. 1993. Effects of motor unit losses on strength in older men and women. J. Appl. Physiol. 74, 868-874   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Einkauf, D. K., M. L. Gohdes, G. M. Jensen and M. J. Jewell. 1987. Changes in spinal mobility with increasing age in women. Phys. Ther. 67, 370-375   DOI
24 Evans, W. J. 1995. What is sarcopenia? J. Gerontol. Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 50, A5-8.
25 Fleg, J., F. O'Connor, G. Gerstenblith, L. C. Becker, J. Clulow, S. P. Schulman and E. G. Lakatta. 1995. Impact of age on the cardiovascular response to dynamic upright exercise in healthy men and women. J. Appl. Physiol. 78, 890-900   DOI
26 Frontera, W. R., V. A. Hughes, R. A. Fielding, M. A. Fiatarone, W. J. Evans and R. Roubenoff. 2000. Aging of skeletal muscle: a 12-yr longitudinal study. J. Appl. Physiol. 88, 1321-1326   DOI
27 Hakkinen, K., A. Pakarinen, W. J. Kraemer, A. Hakkinen, H. Valkeinen and M. Alen. 2001. Selective muscle hypertrophy, changes in EMG and force, and serum hormones during strength training in older women. J. Appl. Physiol. 91, 569-580   DOI
28 Heath, G., J. Hagberg, A. Ehsani and A. Holloszy. 1981. Physiological comparison of young and older endurance athletes. J. Appl. Physiol. 51, 634-640   DOI
29 American College of Sports Medicine.1998. Position stand on exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 30, 992-1008   DOI   ScienceOn
30 Akima, H., Y. Kano, Y. Enomoto, M. Ishizu, M. Okada, Y. Oishi, S. Katsuta and S. Kuno. 2001. Muscle function in 164 men and women aged 20-84 yr. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 33, 220-226
31 American College of Sports Medicine. 2000. ACSM's Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription. 6th ed. Franklin BA, ed. pp. 85, 223-230, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia
32 American College of Sports Medicine. 2005. ACSM's Health-Related Physical Fitness Assessment Manual. Dwyer CB, Davis SE, eds. pp. 44. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Philadelphia
33 Bell, R. D. and T. B. Hoshizaki. 1981. Relationships of age and sex with range of motion of seventeen joint actions in humans. Can. J. Appl. Sport Sci. 6, 202-206
34 Bellew, J. W. 1998. Non-pathological changes in the neuromuscular system as a function of aging. Issues on Aging 21, 3-9
35 Bellew, J. W. 2002. Older adults and one-repetition maximum testing: what about injuries. Strength Conditioning J. 24, 60-62
36 Bellew, J. W. 2004. Age-related motor unit remodeling and its effects on muscle performance. Strength Cond. J. 26, 34-37   DOI
37 Bergstrom, G., A. Bjelle, L.B. Sorensen, V. Sundh and A. Svanborg. 1985. Prevalence of symptoms and signs of joint impairment at age 79. Scan. J. Rehab. Med. 17, 173-182
38 Brooks, G. A., T. D. Fahey and T. P. White. 2000. Aging and exercise. In: Brooks GA, Fahey TD, White TP, eds. Exercise Physiology. 793-795, 3rd eds., Mayfield Press. Mountainview, California
39 Lexell, J. 2000. Strength training and muscle hypertrophy in older men and women. Top. Geriatr. Rehabil. 15, 41-46   DOI
40 Westcott, W. L. and T. R. 1999. Training principles to use with seniors, pp.14-27, In Westcott, W. L. and T. R. Baechle (eds.), Resistance Training for Seniors: An Instructor Guide for Developing Safe and Effective Programs, Human Kinetics. Champaign, Ill
41 Fatouros, I. G., K. Taxildaris, S. P. Tokmakidis, V. Kalapotharakos, N. Aqqelousis, S. Athanasopoulos, I. Zeeris and I. Katrabasas. 2002. The effects of strength training, cardiovascular training and their combination on flexibility of inactive older adults. Int J. Sports Med. 23, 112-119   DOI   ScienceOn
42 Thomas, W. C. 1994. Exercise, age, and bones. South Med. J. 87, S23-25   DOI
43 Sale, D. C. and L. L. Spriet. 1996. Skeletal muscle metabolism and energy, pp. 289-359, In Bar-Or, O., D. R. Lamb and P. M. Clarkson (eds.), Perspectives in Exercise Science and Sports Medicine. Vol. 9, Exercise and the Female - A Lifespan Approach, Cooper Publishing Group. Camel, Ind
44 Seals, D. R., J. M. Hagberg, B. F. Hurley, A. A. Ehsani and J. O. Holloszy. 1984. Endurance training in older men and women I:Cariovascular responses to exercise. J. Appl. Physiol. 57, 1024-1984   DOI
45 Sinaki, M. 1989. Exercise and osteoporosis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 70, 220-229
46 Stratton, J., W. Levy, M. Cerqueira, R. Schwartz and I. Abrass. 1994. Cardiovascular responses to exercise effects of aging and exercise training in healthy older men. Circulation 89, 1648-1655   DOI   ScienceOn
47 Taaffe, D. R., C. Duret, S. Wheeler and R. Marcus. 1999. Once-weekly resistance exercise improves muscle strength and neuromuscular performance in older adults. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 47, 1208-1214   DOI
48 Vandervoort, A. A. and A. J. McComas. Contractile changes in opposing muscles of the human ankle joint with aging. J. Appl. Physiol. 61, 361-367
49 Vandervoort, A. A. and T. B. Symons. 2001. Functional and metabolic consequences of sarcopenia. Can. J. Appl. Physiol. 26, 90-101   DOI   ScienceOn
50 Vandervoort, A. A. 2002. Aging of the human neuromuscular system. Muscle Nerve 25, 17-25   DOI   ScienceOn
51 Warren, B. J., D. C. Nieman, R. G. Dotson, C. H. Adkins, K. A. O'Donnell, B. L. Haddock and D. E. Butterworth. 1993. Cardiorespiratory responses to exercise training in septuagenarian women. Int J. Sports Med. 14, 60-65   DOI   ScienceOn
52 Nakamura, E., T. Moritani and A. Kanetaka. 1989. Biological age versus physical fitness age. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 58, 778-785   DOI
53 National Strength and Conditioning Association. 1994. Testing Protocols and Procedures, pp. 258-273, In Baechle, T. R. (ed.), Essentials of Strength and Conditioning, Human Kinetics. Champaign, Ill
54 Ogawa, T., R. Spina, W. H. Martin, W. M. Kohrt, K. B. Schechtman, J. O. Holloszy and A. A. Ehsani. 1992. Effects of aging, sex, physical training on cardiovascular responses to exercise. Circulation 86, 494-503   DOI   ScienceOn