• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.280-285
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• 2009

Powdery and downy mildews caused by Sphaerotheca fusca and Pseudoperonospora cubensis are the most common and serious diseases of cucumber worldwide. In spite of the introduction of highly effective systemic fungicides, control of these diseases remains elusive. Hence, this study aimed to develop an alternative method to chemicals in controlling the diseases by using different types of cooking oil. Egg yolk, which contains a natural emulsifier, lecithin, was selected as a surfactant to emulsify the oils. Among the different cooking oils used, soybean, canola (rape seed), safflower, sunflower, olive, and corn oils showed over 95% control values against powdery mildew of cucumber in a greenhouse test. In particular, 0.3% canola oil emulsified with 0.08% yolk (1 yolk and 60 ml canola in 20 l spray) was found to be the most effective. The treatment resulted in 98.9% and 96.3% control efficacies on powdery and downy mildews, respectively, of cucumber in the field. Canola oil exhibited direct and systemic effect, wherein powdery mildew of cucumber was suppressed only on treated leaves but not on non-treated leaves in a plant, while mycelia and conidia of the pathogen were severely distorted or destroyed by the treatment. The prospect of using the canola oil and yolk mixture as a natural fungicide is highly promising because of its effectiveness, availability, low cost, simple preparation, and safety to humans and the environment. The use of the canola oil and yolk mixture is expected to be an effective fungicide for use in organic farming and home gardening.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.480-484
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 원료 유지로 산가 0.68 mgKOH/g, 수분 함량 0.09%, 고형물 함량 0.13%, 인 함량 40 ppm가량의 crude canola oil을 바이오디젤의 원료유로 활용하기 위하여 인 함량을 10 ppm 이하로 낮추는 탈검 공정을 수행하였다. Crude canola oil을 바이오디젤의 원료유로 사용하기 위해 수용성 탈검과 phospholipase A2를 탈검제로 하는 효소 탈검 공정을 비교하는 실험을 수행하였으며, 분석 결과를 바탕으로 바이오디젤의 원료유로써 조건을 만족시키는 탈검 방법을 선정하고 반응 조건을 확립하였다. 수용성 탈검의 경우에는 증류수 사용량 oil 대비 2 wt%, 반응온도 $30^{\circ}C$, 교반 속도 900 rpm에서 탈검 효율이 다른 조건에 비하여 높았으며, 반응 시간은 30분이 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. Phospholipase A2를 탈검제로 사용하는 효소 탈검의 경우에는 인 함량결과를 보면 모든 조건에서 비슷한 탈검 효율을 나타내었다. 그리하여 산가 분석을 실시한 결과, 효소 투입량 oil 대비 90 ppm, pH 5, 반응 온도 $50^{\circ}C$에서의 탈검 효율이 다른 조건과 비해 우수하였다. 수용성 탈검과 효소 탈검을 비교해 보면, 효소 탈검이 효율이 높았으나 바이오디젤의 원료유를 생산하는 목적의 경우, 반응시간, 공정의 경제성을 고려할 때 수용성 탈검을 선택하는 것이 유리하다고 판단되었다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.367-376
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 초임계 이산화탄소 추출기술의 scale-up을 위한 기초 연구로서 추출 용량이 다른 두 종류의 초임계 추출장치를 사용하여 추출기 용량, 초임계 이산화탄소의 흐름방향, 캐놀라 씨앗 입자의 크기, 온도, 압력 등의 공정변수가 캐놀라 오일의 추출 속도와 수율에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 분쇄된 씨앗의 입자 크기가 작을수록 추출 효율이 증가하였으며, 약 330 bar 이하의 압력에서는 온도가 증가함에 따라 추출 효율이 감소하고, 330 bar 이상의 압력 범위에서는 온도 증가와 함께 추출 효율이 증가하는 crossover 지점이 나타나는 것을 확인하였다. 추출기의 용량을 10배 증가시킨 경우 추출용량이 추출 수율에 거의 영향을 미치지 않는 다는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 초임계 이산화탄소가 추출기 아래에서 위로 흐르는 경우 반대 방향에 비해 추출 속도가 훨씬 더 높다는 사실을 확인하였다. 또한, 초임계 이산화탄소로 추출된 캐놀라 오일의 트리글리세라이드와 지방산의 조성은 유기용매 추출에 의해 얻은 오일의 조성과 비슷하였으며, 추출 시간이나 초임계 유체의 흐름 방향에 따라서도 오일 조성에 큰 변화가 없음을 확인하였다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.256-263
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• 2023

Objective: Feed molecular structures can affect its availability to gastrointestinal enzymes which impact its digestibility and absorption. The molecular spectroscopy-attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared vibrational spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) is an advanced technique that measures the absorbance of chemical functional groups on the infrared region so that we can identify and quantify molecules and functional groups in a feed. The program aimed to reveal the association of intrinsic molecular structure with nutrient supply to animals from canola feedstocks and co-products from bio-oil processing. The objective of this study was to characterize special intrinsic carbohydrate and protein-related molecular structure spectral profiles of feedstock and co-products (meal and pellets) from bio-oil processing from two source origins: Canada (CA) and China (CH). Methods: The samples of feedstock and co-products were obtained from five different companies in each country arranged by the Canola Council of Canada (CCC). The molecular structure spectral features were analyzed using advanced vibrational molecular spectroscopy-ATR-FTIR. The spectral features that accessed included: i) protein-related spectral features (Amide I, Amide II, α-helix, β-sheet, and their spectral intensity ratios), ii) carbohydrate-related spectral features (TC1, TC2, TC3, TC4, CEC, STC1, STC2, STC3, STC4, TC, and their spectral intensity ratios). Results: The results showed that significant differences were observed on all vibrationally spectral features related to total carbohydrates, structural carbohydrates, and cellulosic compounds (p<0.05), except spectral features of TC2 and STC1 (p>0.05) of co-products, where CH meals presented higher peaks of these structures than CA. Similarly, it was for the carbohydrate-related molecular structure of canola seeds where the difference between CA and CH occurred except for STC3 height, CEC and STC areas (p>0.05). The protein-related molecular structures were similar for the canola seeds from both countries. However, CH meals presented higher peaks of amide I, α-helix, and β-sheet heights, α-helix:β-sheet ratio, total amide and amide I areas (p<0.05). Conclusion: The principal component analysis was able to explain over 90% of the variabilities in the carbohydrate and protein structures although it was not able to separate the samples from the two countries, indicating feedstock and coproducts interrelationship between CH and CA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1676-1685
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• 2009

This trial was conducted to determine the effects of various feed additives on nutrient digestibility, performance and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs fed diets containing wheat distiller' grains with solubles (WDGS). Seventy-two, individually fed pigs (19.7${\pm}$2.6 kg), were assigned to one of six dietary treatments in a 6${\times}$2 (treatment${\times}$sex) factorial design (N = 12). The control diet was based on wheat and soybean meal while the five experimental diets contained 20% WDGS during the growing period and 12% WDGS during the finishing period. One 20% WDGS diet was unsupplemented while the remaining diets were supplemented with either 0.1% threonine, 5% canola oil, 0.2% enzyme (0.1% Endofeed W containing 1,250 units/g of xylanase and 385 units/g of $\beta$-glucanase and 0.1% Vegpro containing 7,700 HUT/g protease and 75 CMC/g cellulase), or a combination of the three additives at the same levels as those fed separately. The digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and energy were all significantly higher in the control diet than the unsupplemented diet containing 20% WDGS. None of the feed additives improved nutrient digestibility. In addition, none of the additives had any significant effect on gain or feed intake during the growing (19.7 to 43.6) or finishing (43.6 to 114.3 kg) periods or overall (19.7 to 114.3 kg). During the growing period, feed conversion was significantly improved for pigs fed the combination of additives compared with the unsupplemented WDGS diet. During the finishing period and overall, feed conversion was significantly improved for pigs fed 5% canola oil alone or in combination with the other additives. None of the supplements had any effect on carcass traits. These results indicate that WDGS can be successfully used as a partial replacement for soybean meal in diets fed to growingfinishing pigs. However, due to its low energy content, there may be some merit in including high energy ingredients such as canola oil when diets containing WDGS are fed.

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.103-111
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• 1983

Low glucosinolate 품종인 Canada산 및 국내산개량종(영산) 유채박과 high glucosinolate 품종인 국내산재래종(유달) 유채박의 사료적가치를 구명하기 위하여 broiler 초생추 400수를 공시하여 1982년 9월 13일부터 11월 8일까지 8주간시험을 실시한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 유채박의 아미노산 조성은 Canada산이 유달이나 영산유채박에 비하여 비교적 훌륭한 편이며 특히 Canada산 및 영산유채박은 함유황 아미노산의 함량이 많았다. 2. 각품종 공히 첨가수준이 증가할수록 증체량이 떨어지는 경향이었지만 Canada산은 10%, 유달 및 영산유채박은 5%까지 첨가해도 유의차가 없었다. 3. 사료요구율은 유채박의 첨가수준이 증가할 수록 높아지는 경향이었으나 Canada산과 유달유채박은 10%, 영산유채박은 15%까지 대조구에 비하여 유의차가 없었다. 4 유채박의 첨가수준이 증가할수록 모든 영양소의 이용율이 떨어지는 경향이었다. 5. 품종별 kg당 대사에너지 가는 Canada 산이 1,821Kca1, 유달 1,586Kca1, 영산 1,683Kca1이었다. 6. 도체율은 유채박의 첨가수준이나 품종간에 차이가 없었다. 7. 유채박의 첨가수준이 증가할수록 갑상선이 점점 커지는 경향이었다. 8. 소득은 Canada산은 10%. 유달 및 영산유채박은 5%까지 첨가해도 대조구와 큰 차이가 없었다. 9. 이상의 결과로 보아 broiler사료에 Canada산은 10%, 유달 및 영산유채박은 5%까지 첨가해도 좋을 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권8호
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• pp.1095-1104
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• 2015

To evaluate the effects of the pelleting and the addition of sodium monensin on production, the chemical and lipid composition of milk and butter physical characteristics, 4 Holstein dairy cows (135 days of lactation) with an average milk production of 14.7 kg/d, were supplemented with a concentrate containing ground canola seeds. The cows were assigned to a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments: i) ground maize, soybean meal, mineral and vitamin supplements, and ground canola seeds (CG); ii) CG concentrate with 31.5 mg of monensin added per kg of dry matter (DM); iii) CG pelleted concentrate; iv) CG concentrate with monensin addition pelleted. There was no difference in milk production and composition. The addition of monensin increased milk concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the PUFA/saturated fatty acids (SFA) ratio, and omega 6. The pelleting increased the concentration of monounsaturated fatty acids, the PUFA/SFA ratio, and the omega 6/omega 3 ratio, but decreased the concentration of SFA. The association between pelleting and the addition of monensin increased the concentration of conjugated linoleic acids by 46.9%. The physical characteristics of butter were not affected by the evaluated diets. We concluded that the concentrate with 31.5 mg of monensin added per kg DM basis combined with the pelleting improves the lipid composition of milk from Holstein cows that are on pasture and supplemented with ground canola seeds, without changing the production, milk composition, and spreadability of butter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1457-1463
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• 2005

In this research, the possibilities of using canola meal (CM) in place of soybean meal (SBM), and also the effects of multi-enzyme and phytase supplementation on the performance of quails were investigated. For this purpose, soybean meal (44% CP), canola meal (37% CP), phytase (produced from Peniophora luci) and multi-enzyme ($\beta$-glucanases, pectinases, cellulases and hemicellulases) were used. CM was used supplying 0, 25 and 50% of CP from SBM and each of the phytase and multi-enzyme blends were added to the each level. This study was conducted with 675 day old quails (Coturnix coturnix Japonica) in 9 groups with 3 replicates including 25 birds (mixed sex) per replicate. Nine isocalaric and isonitrogenous diets were prepared. The effects of enzymes and CM levels were studied with a 3${\times}$3${\times}$3 factorial arrangement for three CM levels (0, 25 and 50%), three treatments (without enzyme, phytase enzyme and multi-enzyme) and three replicates. While the 25% CM level did not affect the liveweight gain 50% CM level decreased the liveweight gain (p<0.05). Multi-enzyme addition to the 50% CM group increased the liveweight gain compared to the other groups (p<0.05). CM levels and enzyme supplementation had no effect on feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, dressing percentage, viability, tibia ash content, Ca and P contents of tibia ash, viscera weight, gizzard weight and length of growth period. While heart weight and liver weight were not affected by CM levels, but they were affected by enzyme supplementation. CM levels and enzyme supplementation did not affect final liveweight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, egg yield, egg weight, shell weight and shell index during laying period. The increase in the CM level lightened the colour of the yolk (p<0.05).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.2477-2483
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• 2014

Azoxymethane (AOM) is a potent genotoxic carcinogen which specifically induces colon cancer. Hyperlipidemia and diabetes have several influences on colon cancer development, with genetic and environmental exposure aspects. Here, we investigated plasma lipid and glucose concentrations in Kunming mice randomized into four groups; control (no AOM or oil exposure), AOM control, AOM + pork oil, and AOM + canola oil. Aberrant crypt foci (ACF), plasma cholesterol, plasma triglyceride, plasma glucose and organ weight were examined 32 weeks after AOM injection. Results revealed that AOM exposure significantly increased ACF number, plasma triglyceride and glucose level. Further, male mice displayed a much higher plasma triglyceride level than female mice in the AOM control group. Dietary fat significantly inhibited AOM-induced hypertriglyceridemia, and canola oil had stronger inhibitory effect than pork oil. AOM-induced hyperglycemia had no sex-difference and was not significantly modified by dietary fat. However, AOM itself not change plasma cholesterol level. AOM significantly increased liver and spleen weight in male mice, but decreased kidney weight in female mice. On the other hand, mice testis weight decreased when fed canola oil. AOM could induce colorectal carcinogenesis, hypertriglyceridemia and hyperglycemia in Kunming mice at the same time, with subsequent studies required to investigate their genome association.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제38권3호
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• pp.580-592
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• 2018

The formulation of an oil/water (o/w) emulsion made up of a mixture of perilla oil and canola oil (30/70 w/w) was optimized using a response surface methodology to find a replacement for animal fat in an emulsion-type meat product. A 12 run Plackett-Burman design (PBD) was applied to screen the effect of potential ingredients in the (o/w) emulsion, including polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR), fish gelatin, soy protein isolate (SPI), sodium caseinate, carrageenan (CR), inulin (IN) and sodium tripolyphosphate. The PBD showed that SPI, CR and IN showed promise but required further optimization, and other ingredients did not affect the technological properties of the (o/w) emulsion. The PBD also showed that PGPR played a critical role in inhibiting an emulsion break. The level of PGPR was then fixed at 3.2% (w/w total emulsion) for an optimization study. A central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize the addition levels of SPI, CR or IN in an (o/w) emulsion and to observe their effects on emulsion stability, cooking loss and the textural properties of a cooked meat emulsion. Significant interactions between SPI and CR increased the cooking loss in the meat emulsion. In contrast, IN showed interactions with SPI leading to a reduction in cooking loss. Thus, CR was also removed from the formulation. After optimization, the level of SPI (4.48% w/w) and IN (14% w/w) was validated, leading to a perilla-canola oil (o/w) emulsion with the ability to replace animal fat in an emulsion-type meat products.