• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.773-777
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• 2013

This study examined the effects of cage rearing system and backyard raising system on fatty acid profile of egg in laying hens during 9 weeks. Two hundred hens, 70-wk-old, Hy-line Brown, were used in this study and fed basal diets. 100 hens, randomly collected from facility, were transferred to cage rearing system and 100 remaining hens were moved to backyard raising system. For overall period, higher unsaturated fatty acid percentages in two different rearing systems than did saturated fatty acid (SFA) were observed. In unsaturated fatty acid compositions, both rearing system showed a higher mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) contents than poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) contents. Egg quality traits of laying hens reared in backyard system had considerably lower contents of SFA and higher contents of MUFA compared with eggs from cage rearing system (P<0.05). In addition, eggs from cage rearing system resulted in a significantly lower n-3 contents and higher n-6:n-3 ratios and CLA contents in comparison with backyard raising system (P<0.05). However, no significant effects of two different rearing systems on PUFA, PUFA:SFA ratio, and n-6 contents were observed during the experimental period. In conclusion, this result suggests that cage rearing system and backyard raising system will play an important role in improving egg production as functional foods.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.763-768
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• 2012

The objective of this study was undertaken to investigate changes in fatty acid profile of breast and thigh muscle of old laying hens as transferred from cage to backyard raising system and to provide basic information on using old laying hens to producers for environmental managements. Overall, percentages of unsaturated fatty acid obtained from breast and thigh muscle with cage and backyard raising system are the most abundant, followed by saturated fatty acid. For breast muscle, there were no differences (P>0.05) between cage rearing system and backyard raising system in saturated fatty acid (SFA) and mono unsaturated fatty acid (MUFA). Poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and PUFA:SFA ratios were significantly higher in backyard raising systems in comparison with cage rearing systems (P<0.05). No differences (P>0.05) were detected between both rearing systems for MUFA, PUFA, and PUFA:SFA ratios with thigh muscles. SFA in thigh muscle was significantly (P<0.05) higher in cage rearing systems compared with backyard raising systems. In conclusion, using breast and thigh muscle meats from old laying hens as functional foods or investigating impact assessment on the improvement of farm management system may serve as a good management practice to encourage producers.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.255-258
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• 2002

A study was conducted to investigate the correlation of cecal anaerobic bacterial counts with the cecal length in growing chicks. Half of 160 chicks of five weeks old were housed in cages and the remainings were kept with goats in free-range and allowed to have free access to goat's feed and faeces. All the experimental birds were fed ad libitum on a commercial chick formula diet during the period of 5 to 12 weeks of age. Body weight was larger in birds reared in the cage than in those reared on the field at 8 weeks of age (P<0.05), but vice versa at the end of experiment (P<0.05). The cecal length was longer in field-rearing than in cage-rearing at 6, 9, 10 and 11 weeks of age (P<0.05). The cecal length was correlated with body weight gain in both rearing groups (r=0.816 f3r cage-rearing, r=0.816 for field-rearing). The cecal anaerobic bacterial counts were significantly higher in field- rearing than in cage-rearing at 6, 9, 10 and 11 weeks of age (P<0.05). The cecal length was highly correlated with cecal anaerobic bacterial counts in cage- (r=0.9549) and field-(r=0.9866) rearing. It is concluded that the correlation of increase cecal length with increased cecal anaerobic bacterial counts ted a libelous of goat's faeces in growing chicks.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.444-452
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• 2022

Objective: An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different levels of crude protein (CP) and two rearing systems (cage and floor), on blood parameters and digestive and reproductive organ development of brown laying hens. Methods: A total of 400 Hisex Brown laying hens between 30 and 45 weeks of age were distributed in a completely randomized design and a 2×4 factorial arrangement, with main effects including two rearing systems (cage and floor) and levels of CP (140, 150, 160, and 180 g/kg), in a total of eight treatments and five replicates of 10 birds each with initial body weight of 1,877 g (laying hen in cage) and 1,866 g (laying hens in floor). The parameters evaluated were plasma total protein, albumin, uric acid, total cholesterol, relative weights of oviduct, abdominal fat, liver, gizzard, crest and dewlap, length of small intestine and oviduct. Results: The blood parameters were similar in birds reared in cage and floor systems. The birds reared on the floor showed greater small intestine and oviduct weight (%) and lower liver and pancreas weight (%). A significant interaction was observed between factors for the relative gizzard, crest and dewlap weight, serum protein, uric acid, and total cholesterol (p<0.05). The diets with 140 g/kg CP resulted in lower serum protein and lower cholesterol in birds reared in floor system, while birds reared in cage system showed no effect of CP on both parameters. Birds reared in cage and fed with 140 and 150 g/kg CP presented lower uric acid. The group of birds reared in floor system fed 180 g/kg had greater uric acid. Conclusion: The dietary protein level can be reduced up to 140 g/kg for Hisex Brown hens (30 to 45 weeks of age) without an important effect on metabolic profile and organ development in both rearing systems.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.44 no.4 s.141
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• pp.293-298
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• 2005

The embryonic and postembryonic developments of Pierodorus hybneri Linnaeus were observed in 5 different rearing cages such as A (Cylindrical, 10 cm in diameter, height of 4 cm), B (Cylindrical, 14.5 cm in diameter, height of 2.8 cm), C (Rectangle, 6.5 by 6.5 cm in $length{\times}breadth$, height of 10 cm), D (Cylindrical, 9 cm in bottom diameter, 11.5 cm in upper diameter, height of 10.8 cm) and E (Cylindrical, 15 cm in diameter, height of 7.5 cm) containing soybean and peanut seeds as feeding food, and sponge-water container under laboratory condition of $24^{\circ}C$ and 16L:8D. Egg duration was 6 days regardless of rearing cages. Hatchability ranged from 63 to 80% with the highest in B (14.5 cm in diameter, 2.8 cm in height) rearing cage. Instar duration was longer from 5 days in 1st instar to about 11 days in 5th instar. Nymphal duration showed 35 to 36 days with'3ut significant difference in rearing cages. Percent emergence was in range from 65 to 82% with the highest in B rearing cage. Adult longevity was 35 to 83 days for male, and 32 to 79 days for female, and was the longest in B rearing cage. Total number of eggs laid by female adult was in range from 38 to 86 with significant difference in rearing cages, and was the most in B rearing cage. Accordingly, the reproductive rate of P. hybneri for 1 generation was within 17 to 56 times, and was the highest in B rearing cage. Therefore, it could be concluded that B cage is most suitable for stable rearing of P. hybneri under laboratory condition.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.362-373
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• 2010

We reviewed previous studies on well-performing aquaculture facilities, rearing environment, breeding management and feed supply to find the optimal conditions of the abalone aquaculture in marine cage. The size of marine cage varied depending on local area where the abalone farms are located. The small size cage ($2.4{\times}2.4{\times}2.5$ m) was used in Wando, Jindo and Hanam area where much of the provincial's abalone production is conducted and the middle size cage ($2.4{\times}4.8{\times}2.5$ m) was used in Huksando area. Big size group, above 2 cm in shell length, was produced from the end of October to the middle of November and small size group, below 2 cm in shell length, was produced from the end of March to the beginning of April next year in case of juvenile abalone of land production. The initial stocking density was 517-1,653 individuals/culture square meter($m^2$) in case of the big size group. The optimal rearing density was 326 and 263 individuals/culture square meter ($m^2$) after 1 year and 2 year's rearing, respectively. It is shown that relationship between individual shell length (x) and rearing density (y) is estimated to be $y=2,803.1x^{-1.4641}$ ($r^2=0.9687$). In addition, The obvious relationship was indicated between number of cage (x) and sea weed production facilities (y) as y=1.1542x+10.832 ($r^2=0.918$) in Wando, because sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida) or japanese tangle (Laminaria japonica) was supplied as a feed for abalone culture. The general pattern of relationship between shell length (x) and shell weight (y) of cultured abalone is estimated to be $y=0.1443x^{2.9461}$ ($r^2=0.9997$).

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 2008

The embryonic and postembryonic developments of Nezara antennata Scott were observed in 5 different rearing cages such as A (Cylindrical, ${\phi}\;10cm{\times}4cm$), B (Cylindrical, ${\phi}\;14.5cm{\times}2.8cm$), C (Rectangle, $6.5L{\times}6.5cmW{\times}10cmH$), D (Cylindrical, ${\phi}$ 9cm in bottom & ${\phi}$ 11.5 cm in $upper{\times}10.8cm$) and E (Cylindrical, ${\phi}\;15cm{\times}7.5cm$) containing soybean and peanut seeds as food, and sponge soaked with water under laboratory condition of $24^{\circ}C$ and 15L : 9D. Hatchability ranged from 93 to 97%. Nymphal duration was shortest of 6 days in the 1st instar and longest of 10 days in the 5th instar. The nymphal duration was 38 to 39 days observed in the rearing cages. Emergence rate was in the range from 53 to 62% with highest in A and B cages. Adult longevity was 65 to 75 days for male, and 67 to 74 days for female, and was longest in the B cage. Total number of eggs laid by female adult was in the range from 51 to 56 without significant difference in the rearing cages, and was the most in the B cage. Accordingly, the reproductive rate of N. antennata for 1 generation was within 25 to 33 times, and was highest in the B rearing cage. Therefore, it could be concluded that B cage is most suitable for stable rearing of N. antennata under laboratory condition.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.54 no.1_2
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• pp.17-22
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• 2016

Rearing environment direct effects on oviposition preference of black soldier fly(Hermetia illucens). In this study, the number of egg-filled flutes was surveyed according to the size of adult rearing cages and oviposition media of black soldier fly (BSF). The height of the adult rearing cages were fixed at 2 m and provided different sizes of width and length and released 20,000 BSF adults in the rearing cages. The mean number of BSF egg-filled flutes was 895.4 at $4{\times}4m$ cage, 876.3 at $2{\times}1m$ cage and 62.3 at $1{\times}1m$ cage. Comparison of egg-filled flutes was according to cages material of adult BSF. The mean number of egg-filled flutes were 820.7 and 604.3 at different cage materials such as mosquito net and green house film. The mean numbers of egg-filled flutes were 326.6 in green floral form, 135.2 in green corrugated cardboard and 41.0 in brown corrugated cardboard. And the mean number of egg-filled flutes were similar floral form with the corrugated cardboard was overlapped by floral form such as 57.7 and 64.7. The mean number of egg-filled flutes was 29.0 and 48.2 in 6 mm and 4 mm diameter of oviposition hole.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.96-101
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• 2014

The present study was conducted for two years to develop the indoor breeding system of mole cricket, Gryllotalpa orientalis Burmeister. In 2013, the total mean number of progenies was $430.{\pm}20.0$ ($mean{\pm}SE$); $15.3{\pm}25.8$ of 2nd-3rd instars, $28.8{\pm}24.0$ 3rd-5th and $2.4{\pm}2.7$ 6th-8th. In 2014, the rearing yielded similar result to that of 2013; $43.5{\pm}31.0$ in total with $25.8{\pm}25.6$ of 2nd-3rd instars, $23.6{\pm}21.3$ 3rd-5th and $2.9{\pm}2.3$ 6th-8th. The successful breeding rate using indoor cages was 46.9% in 2013 and 50.0% in 2014. In total 147 individuals were successfully reared in an outdoor rearing cage with 25 females released and 78 individuals in an indoor rearing cage with 100 females and 50 males released. 86.4% and 89.7% of the nymphs reared were collected within 25cm depth of the soil in the outdoor and indoor cage, respectively.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.175-179
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• 2012

The present study is to develop the rearing method of Gryllotalpa orientalis. In total 429 of G. orientalis were collected from the field rearing cage ($25m^2$) in 2012. Its sex ratio was 1: 1.15(Female : Male). Survival rate of the mole crickets was 94.4~86.1% with the artificial diets formulated for the present study. Successful oviposition rate was 20, 20 and 80% for one, two and three pairs of adult crickets, respectively, from the indoor rearing. The mean number of hatchlings was $11.8{\pm}21.7$, $15.7{\pm}26.4$ and $25.8{\pm}38.8$, and the mean number of dead hatchlings 1.2, 1.7 and 1.2. The mortality of nymphs on horticultural soil and clay sand mixed with ocher was 18.3 and 10.0%, respectively. The mortality of nymphs in circular and rectangular cages was, respectively, 60 and 40%.