• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.51-56
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• 1982

We must encourage the use of the spirometer as part of routine examination of nearly all adult patients. Despite the theoretical problems of the water spirometer and its Poor frequency response, the water spirometer is adequate for the physiological function tests even in healthy people. The aim of this study was to report the pulmonary function studies of athletic swimmers. Subjects were 85 athletic swimmers from 9 to 25 years of age. They were elementary school boys and girls, middle school boys and girls, high school boys and girls, and college students. The results are as follows: 1) Frequency of breath: (cycle/min, $M{\pm}SD$) Elementary school boys show $19{\pm}4.7$, elementary school girls $22{\pm}7.9$, middle school boys $17{\pm}2.4$, middle school girls $18{\pm}8.2$, high school boys $15{\pm}3.4$, high school girls $15{\pm}9.7$, and college male students $12{\pm}3.2$. 2) Vital capacity: (1, $M{\pm}SD$) Elementary school boys show $2.60{\pm}0.480$, elementary school girls $2.22{\pm}0.412$, middle school boys $3.63{\pm}0.598$, middle school girls $2.80{\pm}0.303$, high school boys $4.70{\pm}0.487$, high school girls $3.23{\pm}0.509$, and college male students $4.30{\pm}0.608$. 3) Tidal volume: (ml, $M{\pm}SD$) Elementary school boys show $462{\pm}59$, elementary school girls $395{\pm}110$, middle school boys $524{\pm}78$, middle school girls $421{\pm}59$, high school boys $612{\pm}101$, high school girls $494{\pm}123$, and college male students $603{\pm}121$. 4) Breath holding time: (sec, $M{\pm}SD$) Elementary school boys show $58{\pm}21.2$, elementary school girls $36{\pm}11.1$, middle school boys $61{\pm}16.7$. middle school girls $53{\pm}21.0$, high school boys $64{\pm}9.1$, high school girls $49{\pm}15.3$, and college male students $81{\pm}23.0$.

• 대한치과기공학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.67-88
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• 1988

The survey, which was examined analysed of the knowledge level and the actual condition of care for dental hygiene and the situation of dental remedy, surveying over 1974 pupils of eight elementary schools, especially the 4th, the 5th and the 6th school year, came to a conclusion as follows ; 1. The knowledge level of the pupils' dental hygiene was generally low but considerably high in upper school tear. 2. The rate of the boys who brushed their teeth every day was 61.8% among the boys, 68.5% among the girls. And the rate that they brushed their teeth before breakfast was yet 18.4%. 3. 45.1% of the boys and 60.4% of the gils used vertical technic using their toothbrush. 4. The rate of the boys who have ever suffered from toothache was 65.3%, that of the gils was 64.0%. And the eate of the boys who admitted to the remedy was 69.9%, that of the girls was 77.8%. 5. The rate of the boys who experienced the dental remedy was 43.0%, theat of the girls was 45.9%. In the place of the renedy, 46.4% of the boys and 45.7% of the girls cured at the Private Dental Clinic, 26.9% of the boys and 28.6% of the girls cured a Public Health Center. 6. The rate of the bous who had their teeth treated soon after dentist's advice was 34.4% that of the girls was 35.0%. 11.7% of the boys and 12.1% of the girls who would not have their teeth treated thought it was not just a serious disese. 7. 72.6% of the boys and 73.2% of the girls understood the notion of dental caries, and 96.4% of the boys and 97.3% of the girls understood the notion of the food makes a tooth decayed. 8. 54.3% of the boys and 47.5% of the girls knew the periodontal disease, and 18.3% of the boys and 17.0% of the girls knew the reason of the periodontal disease. 9. 86.0% of the boys and 86.7% of the girls recognized that the prevention against dental carise and periodontal disease should be taken. 10. 31.7% of the boys and 28.5% of the girls have experienced the prevention against dental caries and periodontal disease.

• Human Ecology Research
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• 제52권3호
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• pp.229-241
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• 2014

This study examined the effects of young children's effortful control and emotional regulation, teacher-child conflictual relationships on young children's overt and relational aggression. The subjects of this study were 372, 3-5 years old children and their teachers. Young children's aggression, effortful control, emotional regulation, and teacher-child relationships were assessed by a teacher's report. The collected data were analyzed by t -test, Pearson correlations, and pathway analysis. The results were as follows: first, the boys' overt aggression was found to be greater than that of the girls,' while, there was no difference in relational aggression between boys and girls. Second, the boys' and girls' effortful control was found to affect the young children's overt and relational aggression indirectly through emotional regulation, and teacher-child conflictual relationships. For the girls, effortful control was found to affect overt aggression directly. Third, teacher-child conflictual relationships and emotional regulation were found to affect boys' and girls' overt and relational aggression directly and to mediate between boys' and girls' effortful control and overt and relational aggression. Further, for girls, emotional regulation was found to mediate between teacher-child conflictual relationships and overt and relational aggression. Additionally, effortful control was found to be the most important variable predicting boys' and girls' overt aggression, while a teacher-child conflictual relationship was the most important variable for boys' and girls' relational aggression.

• 아동학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.23-38
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• 1997

This study investigated the difference between infant verbal and nonverbal interactions with a partner (teacher or peer). The subjects were 20 two-year-old infants 00 boys and 10 girls, mean age 31.3 months). Verbal and nonverbal interactions were videotaped during one hour of indoor free play per child in the Center. In verbal interaction, (1) boys spoke to themselves more than girls did, and (2) girls gave orders (imperatives, requests, and prohibitions) to peers and teachers more than boys did. In non-verbal interactions, (1) girls nodded to teachers more than boys did, (2) boys came closer to peers more than girls did, and (3) girls refused by gestures to peers more than boys did. In conclusion, the majority of the boys could be classified as peer-oriented and physically active in their interactions.

• 지역사회간호학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.242-252
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• 2006

Purpose: This study was to identify the state of recognition and experience on love, sex knowledge and self-esteem in youths who attended middle and high schools. Method: Data were collected from 785 Youths of those schools from Aug. 2004 to Nov. 2004. Collected data were analysed through $x^2-test$ and ANOVA. Result: The average flee of the subjects was $16.87{\pm}1.17$(girls) and $16.64{\pm}75$ (boys) years old, and 24.3% of them discussed sex with their parents. The youths' most frequent love experiences showed hand in hand(boys 73.6%, girls 80.8%), and followed by shoulder in shoulder(boys 60.4%, girls 68.5%), arm in arm(boys 57.6%, girls 67.8%), hug(boys 53.3%, girls 57.0%) and light kiss(boys 50.0%, girls 37.9%). There were differences in sexual experiences between boys and girls coitus and pregnancy in boys(23.6%, 5.8%) and girls( .5%, .3%). The scores of sex knowledge were 68.78(girls) and 62.50(boys), and self-esteem 61.05(boys) and 74.38(girls). Sex knowledge were related to gender, and self-esteem were related to sender, age, and discussion with their parents regarding sex. Conclusion: With the results above, majority of Youths were not a hindrance mostly about friendship and love expressions. Support and encouragement from school. home, and society are required so that eye-level sex education by age and positive self-esteem may be formed.

• 아동학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.31-48
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• 1987

The purpose of this study was to compare sex role typing in relation to self-concept in 6th graders by to their residential area. The subjects were 6th grade children: 126 boys and 127 girls. The sample included 85 (42 boys, 43 girls) from a farming area, 111 (62 boys, 49 girls) from Pohang City, and 57 (22 boys, 35 girls) from a fishing area. The instruments used in this study were Shimer's self-concept measure (Suh, 1980) and Bern Sex Role Inventory (Byun, 1979). Statistical analysis of obtained data was by $X^2$ test; 2 (sex) x 3 (residential area) x 4 (sex role category) ANOVA; and $Scheff\acute{e}$ test. The results were as follows: Girls from the fishing area were more masculine than girls from other areas. Androgynous children and urban children demonstrated a higher self-concept. There was no difference in level of self-concept between urban boys and girls, but boys in both farming and fishing areas demonstrated a higher level than girls. In all 3 areas, androgynous children evaluated themselves positively whereas undifferentiated children evaluated themselves negatively. There were significant differences in self-concept according to sex, living area, and sex role category. In the city, the feminine category was related to a negative self-concept while the masculine category was related to a negative self-concept in the fishing area. But in the farming area, feminine boys demonstrated a higher self-concept whereas feminine girls demonstrated a lower self-concept.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제24권5호
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• pp.552-563
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• 2014

This study was performed to investigate the dietary habits and nutritional knowledge of elementary school students (boy : 250, girl : 250) by gender. Frequency of skipping breakfast was high in both boys and girls. Duration of mealtime was significantly higher for boys compared with girls (p<0.001). Regularity of meals was not significantly different between boys and girls. Reason for irregular meals was 'no appetite' for both boys (39.6%) and girls (40.0%). Unbalanced diet was high in both boys (60.8%) and girls (59.6%), and problems related to dietary habits were in order of 'unbalance diet', 'irregular mealtime', 'overeating', 'skip a meal frequently', and 'eat out frequently'. Frequency of snack intake was significantly higher for girls compared to boys(p<0.05). The criterion for selecting snacks was higher for 'nutrition' compared to 'good taste' for both boys and girls. Frequency of eating out was statistically insignificant, and eating out preferences were in the order of 'Korean food', 'western food', and 'Chinese food'. Eating behavior 'eat meat, fish, egg, tofu every meal' was significantly higher for boys compared to girls (p<0.01). 'Healthful' response rates were 57.6% for boys and 58.8% for girls. Practice level of nutritional knowledge was significantly higher in girls compared to boys (p<0.001). To establish good eating behaviors, we should develop systematic and continuous education programs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.512-519
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• 1997

To investigate the energy, protein, lipid, and lactose intakes of breast-fed infants of lacto-ove-vegetarians, 25 infants(13 boys, 10 girls) were examined on the 0.5th, 1st, 2nd, and 3nd months of lactation. The amount of breast milk intake was determined by a test-weighing method, and the energy content of protein, lipid, and lactose was calculated using the Atwater factor. Thedaily energy intake for boys averaged 316, 436, 447, and 431kcal and that of girls averaged 284, 399, 401, and 390kcal during lactation, respectively. Average energy intake of boys from milk from 2nd week to the 3rd month postpartum was significantly higher than that of girls(p<0.05), because milk intake volume of boys was much higher than that of girls. The protein intake of boys on 2nd week-3rd month averaged 7.33g/day and that of girls averaged 6.29g/day. The lipid intake of 2nd week, months averaged 21.8g/day and that of girls averaged 20.1g/day. The lactose intake of boys averaged 45.48g/day, while that of girls averaged 41.09g/day. The mean intake of protein and lactose in boys was significantly higher than that of girls.

• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.575-588
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• 2008

The research is find out the importance of psychological separation of high school students and the effects of this separation from their parents on depression. The data were collected boys(108) and girls(120) second-grade high school students in Jeonbuk area and analyzed Independent-Samples T-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation in use of SPSS WIN 11.5 program. The main results are as follows.: 1, Psychological separation from farther was that girls were higher in attitudinal independence than boys. Psychological separation from mother was that boys were higher in functional, emotional independence than girls. There was no significant differences in depression between boys and girls. 2. In the relation between psychological separation from father and depression, girls showed negative correlation attitude independence and both of boys and girls showed positive correlation in conflictual independence. In the relation between psychological separation from mother and depression, boys showed negative correlation in attitude independence and girls showed negative correlation in functional, attitudinal independence and both of boys and girls showed positive correlation in conflictual independence. 3. Psychological separation from father by the level of depression was related attitudinal, conflictual independence for girls and was related conflictual independence for boys. Psychological separation from mother by the level of depression was related functional, attitudinal, conflictual independence for girls and was related attitudinal, conflictual independence for boys. Finally, the more severe depression was related higher conflict independence from their parents.

• 아동학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.117-133
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• 2009

This study researched differences in friendship among children of the same and/or opposite sex and their gender-role identities. Friendship and gender-role identities among 423 children in the 5th and 6th grades were examined. Data was analyzed by MANOVA and ANOVA. Findings were : (1) there were some differences between boys and girls in rank order of the distribution of gender-role identity types : androgynous type was most common in girls; undifferentiated was most common among boys. (2) Results of friendship based on sex and gender-role identity showed that boys and girls with androgynous gender-roles were friendly with both boys and girls. Among boys, masculine types were particularly friendly with boys; among girls, masculine types were particularly friendly with girls.