• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.645-654
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• 1999

Interleukin-6(IL-6) stimulate osteoclast differentiation. $17{\beta}$-estradiol, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin $D_3$(1,25-$(OH)_2D_3$) and interleukin-$1{\beta}$ inhibit or stimulate osteoclast differentiation by decreasing or increasing the synthesis of interleukin-6(IL-6) from stromal/osteoblastic cells, respectively. Periodontal ligament(PDL) cells reside between the alveolar bone and the cementum and have osteoblastic characteristics. To estimate the effect of $17{\beta}$-estradiol and 1,25$(OH)_2D_3$ on IL-6 production of PDL cells, PDL cells were treated with $17{\beta}$-estradiol or 1,25-$(OH)_2D_3$ in the absence or the presence of IL-$1{\beta}$. The concentration of IL-6 produced form PDL cells was determined by enzym linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA). In unstimulated PDL cells, we detected constitutive production of IL-6 at 1st and 2nd day. IL-$1{\beta}$ increased IL-6 synthesis at 1st day and 2nd day. $17{\beta}$-estradiol had no significant effect on the secretion of this cytokine, either constitutively or after stimulation with IL- $1{\beta}$(0.05 ng/ml). 1,25-$(OH)_2D_3$($10^{-8}M$) decreased not only constitutive IL-6 production but also IL-$1{\beta}$-induced IL-6 production at 2nd day. These results suggest that 1,25-$(OH)_2D_3$ may control IL-$1{\beta}$-induced osteoclast differentiation by decreasing IL-$1{\beta}$-induced IL-6 secretion of PDL cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.371-377
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• 1995

The effect of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and ${\beta}$-carotene supplementation on reducing the oxidative damag in the liver of rats were studied. Forth-five male Sprague Dawley aged 4 weeks were randomly assigned to 9 groups of five for the 12 weeks of the study. Nine groups, sardine oil, sardine oil＋Vt E, sardine oil＋${\beta}$-carotene, soybean oil, soybean oil＋Vt E, soybean oil＋${\beta}$-carotene, lard, lard＋Vt E, lard＋${\beta}$-carotene group, were prepared. Sardine oil, soybean oil, or lard was used for dietary fat and 200% of ${\alpha}$ -tocopherol or 150% of ${\beta}$-carotene was supplemented to each diet. Each diet supplied 65% of total energy as carbohydrate, 15% as protein, and 20% as lipid. The MDA value and protein carbonyl contents of sardine oil group were significantly different(p<0.05) to those of other fat groups indicating that the most severe lipid oxidation occurred in the group fed diet containing highly polyunsaturated fatty acid. When ${\alpha}$-tocopherol or ${\beta}$ -carotene was supplemented to the sardine oil diet, MDA value(-35%, -15%, respectively) and protein carbonyl content(-44%, -32%, respectively) decreased significantly(p<0.05). Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase activities of three different sardine oil groups with or without antioxidants were lower than those of soybean oil or lard group. The reducing effect of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol on oxidative damage in sardine oil group supplemented with ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was noticeable(p<0.05). However the adverse effect of ${\beta}$-carotene was observed. SOD and catalase activities of ${\beta}$-carotene supplemented groups were that the lowest among the same fat groups, but the differences were not statistically significant. The possible cause of decreased enzyme activity seemed to be related to the vitamin A(Vt A) toxicity in the liver where retinol converted from dietary ${\beta}$-carotene in the intestinal mucosa was stored.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.165-171
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• 1997

Ibuprofen, a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic drug, has several limitations in clinical application because of low solubility in water and gastrointestinal irritation. Effect of ibuprofen/$2-Hydroxypropyl-{\beta}-cyclodextrin\;(HP{\beta}CD)$ inclusion compound on release of suppository was investigated. Complex formation was confirmed by $^{1}H-\;and\;^{13}C-NMR$ spectroscopy. The release of ibuprofen from suppository base in vitro was significantly increased by the complexation with $HP{\beta}CD$. The release of ibuprofen from hydrophilic base was faster than that from hydrophobic base. In vivo studies, the release rate of ibuprofen from suppository was accelerated after rectal administration in complex form. This results suggested that ibuprofen/$HP{\beta}CD$ complex can be practically used for suppository to have faster effect of ibuprofen with reduced side effect.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.139-146
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• 2003

We have investigated the biological effects of recombinant IL-1$\beta$ (rIL-1$\beta$) on the expression of antiviral genes such as Myxovirus-3 (MX-3) and Interferon regulating factor-1 (IRF-1), which are related to type I interferon. When ten micrograms of rIL-1$\beta$ were treated, we observed the stimulatory effect on the expression of these antiviral genes. Interestingly, at the early stage of stimulation, these genes were down-regulated and then up-regulated by the results obtained that the expressions of these genes were decreased at day 1 post-injection and gradually increased at day 3 post-injection. Thus, the stimulatory effect of rIL-1$\beta$ on the expression of MX-3 and IRF-3 gene might be an indirect stimulatory effect because significant up-regulation was delayed until day 3 post-injection.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.862-870
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• 2013

This study examines the effect of communication type of food service employees on the self-efficiency and organizational commitment. To accomplish the purpose of the study, a survey was conducted to employees of food service companies located in Seoul, from August 5, 2013 to August 25, 2013 as a method of empirical study. The results of this study was analyzed using the SPSS WIN 12.0 and statistical reliability analysis, factor analysis, frequency analysis, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted for hypothesis verification. The analysis results of this study are as follows. First, the R-square of regression result for 'communication type will have a positive effect on self-efficiency' was .220. Also, it was found that factors of consideration (Beta=.286, t=5.622), instruction (Beta=.303, t=5.970) and business (Beta=.214, t=4.217) had positive effects on self-efficiency. Values for factors of consideration and instruction were higher than business. Second, the R-square of regression result for 'communication type will have a positive effect on organizational commitment' was .429. Also, it was found that factors of consideration (Beta=.453, t=10.428), instruction (Beta=.380, t=8.749) and business (Beta=.282, t=6.477) had positive effects on organizational commitment. Values for factors of instruction and business were high but value of consideration factor turned out the highest. Third, the R-square of regression result for 'self-efficiency will have a positive effect on organizational commitment' was .334. Also, it was found that out of the factors of positivity (Beta=.369, t=8.423), confidence (Beta=.415, t=8.833) and negativity (Beta=-.072, t=-1.536), positivity and confidence had positive effects on organization commitment, and only positivity and confidence showed high values in organization commitment. Upon analyzing the effect of factors of self-efficiency (positivity, confidence, negativity) on organizational commitment, it was found that positivity and confidence showed high relevance but the negativity factor did not have any correlation.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.122-134
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• 2016

This study was conducted to examine what effect was produced on brand attitude and purchase intention by consumer attitude towards the visual merchandising of premium supermarket made using self-reported survey method during 1 Jun 2016 to 14 Jun 2016 as perceived by consumers who have experience in purchasing a product in premium supermarket located in Seoul. Result findings are follow. First there was significant influence between consumer perception and brand attitude (${\beta}=0.157$, p<.001) for harmony, ${\beta}=0.111$ (p<.01) for attractiveness, ${\beta}=0.639$ (p<.001) for suitability, and ${\beta}=0.146$ (p<.001) for trend), but credibility didn't have any effect on brand attitude. Second, according to the results of making a regression analysis in order to analyze an effect that brand attitude had on purchase intention, the brand attitude had a significantly positive (+) effect on purchase intention (${\beta}=0.818$, p<.001). Third, the influence on purchase intention by consumer attitude towards the visual merchandising of premium supermarket was verified (${\beta}=0.181$, p<.001) for attractiveness, ${\beta}=0.520$ (p<.001) for suitability, ${\beta}=0.325$ (p<.001) for trend), and the harmony and credibility didn't have any effect on purchase intention in current study.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.285-298
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• 2012

This study was undertaken to understand the interrelationships among customer's perceptions of service encounters, customer value, and behavioral intent in a family restaurant. Based on 331 samples obtained from empirical research, we reviewed the reliability and fitness of a research model and verified three hypotheses using a structural equation model. The results showed that physical environment (${\beta}$ = .418) and a customer interaction with the service provider (${\beta}$ = .265) had a significant effect on the customer's hedonic value. Additionally, physical environment (${\beta}$ = .126) and customer interaction with service providers (${\beta}$ = .264) had a significant effect on customer utilitarian value. Customer's hedonic (${\beta}$ = .538) and utilitarian value (${\beta}$ = .382) triggered by service encounters had a significant effect on their behavioral intent. Limitations and future research directions are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Statistical Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.225-234
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• 1999

We consider the following semi-parametric non-linear mixed effect regression model : y\ulcorner=f($\chi$\ulcorner;$\beta$)+$\sigma$$\mu$($\chi$\ulcorner)+$\sigma$$\varepsilon$\ulcorner,i=1,…,n,y*=f($\chi$;$\beta$)+$\sigma$$\mu$($\chi$) where y'=(y\ulcorner,…,y\ulcorner) is a vector of n observations, y* is an unobserved new random variable of interest, f($\chi$;$\beta$) represents fixed effect of known functional form containing unknown parameter vector $\beta$\ulcorner=($\beta$$_1$,…,$\beta$\ulcorner), $\mu$($\chi$) is a random function of mean zero and the known covariance function r(.,.), $\varepsilon$'=($\varepsilon$$_1$,…,$\varepsilon$\ulcorner) is the set of uncorrelated measurement errors with zero mean and unit variance and $\sigma$ is an unknown dispersion(scale) parameter. On the basis of finite-sample, small-dispersion asymptotic framework, we derive an absolute lower bound for the asymptotic mean squared errors of prediction(AMSEP) of the regular-consistent non-linear predictors of the new random variable of interest y*. Then we construct an optimal predictor of y* which attains the lower bound irrespective of types of distributions of random effect $\mu$(.) and measurement errors $\varepsilon$.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.665-670
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• 2006

Amyloid $\beta$-peptide (A$\beta$), which is a product of the proteolytic effect of $\beta$-secretase (BACE) on an amyloid precursor protein, is closely associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. There is sufficient evidence to suggest that a BACE inhibitor may reduce A$\beta$ levels, thus decreasing the risk of AD. In a previous study, an extract of Clavicorona pyxidata DGUM 29005 mycelia was found to inhibit the production of a soluble $\beta$-amyloid precursor protein (s$\beta$APP), A$\beta$, and BACE in neuronal cell lines. We sought to determine whether this mycelial extract exerts the same effect in human rhabdomyosarcoma A-204 and rat pheochromocytoma PC-12 cells. We found that the production of A$\beta$ decreased in a dose-dependent manner in the presence of the mycelial extract and that the concentration of A$\beta$ never exceeded $50{\mu}g/ml$. The presence of sAPP was detected in every culture medium to which the mycelial extract had been added and its concentration remained the same, regardless of the concentration of the extract used. Endogenous $\beta$-secretase activity in A-204 and PC-12 cellular homogenates also decreased in the presence of this extract. These cells, in culture, were not susceptible to the cytotoxic activity of the mycelial extract.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.167-179
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• 1994

Recent evidence indicates that glial cells have a wide range of funtions which are critical for maintaining a balanced homeostatic environment in the central nervous system(CNS) peripheral nervous system(PNS). Morever, astrocytes are known to participate in the tissue repair and neuroimmunologic events within the CNS through many kinds of growth factors and cytokines. We investigated the effect of $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, on the growth and biochemical changes of rat glial cells in culture. The proliferative effect was determined by $^3H-thymidine$ uptake and the double immunostain with anti-cell-specific marker and anti-Bromodeoxyuridine(BrdU) antibody. To check the effect of biochemical changes we compared the amounts of glial fibrillar acidic protein(GFAP) and the activity of glutamine synthetase(GS) in astrocyte. And the amounts of myelin basic protein and the activity of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase(CNPase) were measured in oligodendrocyte and the amounts of peripheral myelin in Schwann cell. When $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, was treated for 2 days with cultured glial cell, $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, decreased the $^3H-thymidine$ uptake and proliferation index of double immunostain of astrocytes, which indicates the inhibition of astroglial DNA synthesis, but stimulated the growth of Schwann cell. Also, $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, decrease the GS activity and increased the amounts of GFAP in astrocyte. In the case of Schwann cells the amounts of peripheral myelin was increased when treated with $TGF\;{\beta}_1$. However, $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, didn't show any effect on the proliferation and biochemical changes in oligodendrocyte. These results suggest that $TGF\;{\beta}_1$, might have a critical action in the regulation of proliferation and biochemical changes in glial cells, especially astrocyte.