• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.34 no.3 s.134
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• pp.223-227
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• 2003

In the present study, anti-inflammatory activity of amygdalin isolated from persicae Semen have been evaluated on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced release of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin $E_2\;(PGE_2)$ and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) by the macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Amygdalin significantly inhibited generation of NO and $TNF-{\alpha}$ on LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. Consistent with these observations, the expression of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) enzyme was also inhibited by amygdalin in a concentration-dependent manner. However, amygdalin did not show any influence on the synthesis of $PGE_2$ and the expression of COX-2. Thus, this study suggests that amygdalin-mediated inhibition of iNOS expression, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ release may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of Persicae Semen.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1641-1647
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• 2008

Amygdalin is a cyanogenic glycoside plant compound found in the seeds of rosaceous stone fruits. We evaluated the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of amygdalin, using an in vitro lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cell line and a rat model with carrageenan-induced ankle arthritis. One mM amygdalin significantly inhibited the expression of TNF-$\alpha$ and IL-l$\beta$ mRNAs in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. Amygdalin (0.005, 0.05, and 0.1 mg/kg) was intramuscularly injected immediately after the induction of carrageenan-induced arthritic pain in rats, and the anti-arthritic effect of amygdalin was assessed by measuring the weight distribution ratio of the bearing forces of both feet and the ankle circumference, and by analyzing the expression levels of three molecular markers of pain and inflammation (c-Fos, TNF-$\alpha$, and IL-l$\beta$) in the spinal cord. The hyperalgesia of the arthritic ankle was alleviated most significantly by the injection of 0.005 mg/kg amygdalin. At this dosage, the expressions of c-Fos, TNF-$\alpha$, and IL-l$\beta$ in the spinal cord were significantly inhibited. However, at dosage greater than 0.005 mg/kg, the pain-relieving effect of amygdalin was not observed. Thus, amygdalin treatment effectively alleviated responses to LPS-treatment in RAW 264.7 cells and carrageenan-induced arthritis in rats, and may serve as an analgesic for relieving inflammatory pain.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.1-12
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• 2019

Objectives: Amygdalin is abundant in the seeds of bitter almond and apricots of the Prunus genus and other rosaceous plants. Amygdalin is known to have antitussive and anticancer activities. Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, is an important mechanism in cancer treatment. Methods: In the present study, we investigated whether the aqueous extract of Amygdalin induces apoptotic cell death in ME-180 cervical cancer cells. For this study, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, terminal deoxynuclotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) assay, 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining, flow cytometric analysis, DNA fragmentation assay, Western blot, and caspase-3 enzyme assay were performed on ME-180 cervical cancer cells. Results: Through morphological and biochemical analyses, it was demonstrated that ME-180 cells treated with Amygdalin exhibit several apoptotic features. The treatment of Amygdalin increased the Bax expression and caspase-3 enzyme activity and decreased Bcl-2 expression. Here, we have shown that Amygdalin induces apoptotic cell death in ME-180 cervical cancer cells through Bax-dependent caspase-3 activation. These results suggest the possibility that Amygdalin exerts anti-tumor effect on human cervical cancer.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.253.3-254
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• 2002

In boiling aqueous solution, D-amygdalin usually begins to convert into neoamygdalin in 3 min and more than 30% of the initial D-amygdalin is found as neoamygdalin after 30 min. In this report, we establish methods for simple HPLC analysis and the inhibition of D-amygdalin conversion. D-Amygdalin and its conversion product, neoamygdalin, were clearly separated on reverse-phase column chromatography by an optimized eluent of 10mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 3.8) containing 6% acetonitrile. (omitted)

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.13-22
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• 2019

Objectives : Armeniacae semen is the seed of Prunus armenica L. var. ansu MAXIM, and this is classified into Rosaceae. Armeniacae semen has been used for centuries in traditional oriental medicine for the treatment of pain and inflammatory diseases. Amygdalin is the major compound of Armeniacae semen, and it is now being used for the treatment of pain and cancer. Methods : In the present study, we compared the effects of an aqueous extract of Armeniacae semen and a solution of amygdalin extracted from Armeniacae semen on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated prostaglandin E2 synthesis and nitric oxide production in mouse BV-2 microglial cells. For this study, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT) assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR), prostaglandin E2 immunoassay and nitric oxide detection were performed on mouse BV-2 microglial cells. Results : In the present study, an aqueous extract of Armeniacae semen and an amygdalin solution extracted from Armeniacae semen suppressed prostaglandin E2 synthesis and nitric oxide production by inhibiting the LPS-induced enhancement of cyclooxygenase-2(COX-2) mRNA and the inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA in mouse BV-2 cells. For the cyclooxygenase-1(COX-1) expression, an aqueous extract of Armeniacae semen showed a more potent suppression effect compared to the amygdalin solution. However, the amygdalin solution more potently suppressed the LPS-induced COX-2 mRNA expression compared to the aqueous extract of Armeniacae semen. Conclusions : As a result, aqueous extract of Armeniacae semen and amygdalin exert anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.237-240
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• 2017

Amygdalin contents of the seeds, endocarps, and mesocarps from three peach cultivars (i.e., Stone Peach, Hikawa Hakuho, and Bakhyang) were measured at three stages of fruit development (stone-hardening, fruit enlargement, and ripening). The peach samples were dried and defatted with a Soxhlet apparatus, reflux extracted with methanol, and analyzed using reverse phase high-performance liquid chromatography. During all fruit development stages, the amygdalin contents in the seeds were higher than those in the endocarps and mesocarps. The amygdalin contents of the Stone Peach were comparatively higher than the Hikawa Hakuho and Bakhyang (P<0.05). Further, the amygdalin contents during ripening were very low or not detected. Overall, the amygdalin contents of the three peach cultivar samples (seed, endocarp, and mesocarp) increased until the fruit enlargement stage and either remained constant or decreased during ripening.

• Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.159-165
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• 2006

To determine the anticancer effect of D-amygdalin (D-mandelinitrole-${\beta}$-D-gentiobioside) in human chronic myeloid leukemia cells K562, we profiled the gene expression between amygdalin treatment and control groups. Through 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the cytotoxicity of D-amygdalin was $57.79{\pm}1.83%$ at the concentration of 5 mg/mL for 24 h. We performed cDNA microarray analysis and compared the gene expression profiles between D-amygdalin (5 mg/mL, 24 h) treatment and control groups. Among the genes changed by D-amygdalin, we paid attention to cell cycle-related genes, and particularly cell cycle regulator genes; because arrest of cell cycle processing was ideal tactic in remedy for cancer. In our data, expressions of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27, Kip1) (CDKN1B), ataxia telangiectasia mutated (includes complementation groups A, C, and D) (ATM), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1C (p57, Kip2) (CDKN1C), and CHK1 checkpoint homolog (CHEK1, formally known as CHK1) were increased, while expressions of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), cell division cycle 25A (CDC25A), and cyclin E1 (CCNE1) were decreased. The pattern of these gene expressions were confirmed through RT-PCR. Our results showed that D-amygdalin might control cell cycle regulator genes and arrest S phase of cell cycle in K562 cells as the useful anticancer drug.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.64-66
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• 1983

HPLC is a useful method for identifying amygdalin which has been the subject of considering controversy for cancer remedy. The resolution of amygalin was satisfactory and the separation of amygdalin was accomplished using carbohydrate analysis column, mobile phase of acetonitrile: $H_2O$ (90:10), and UV detector. Quantitative analysis showed that amygdalin contents of Prunus tomentosa, P. serrulata, and P. ishidoyana (Amygdalaceae) were 2.18, 2.41, and 2.26%, respectively. It was suggested that the seed of Prunus species was worth useful resource of amygdalin.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.389.2-389.2
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• 2002

Tonin(Persicae Semen)is the herb medicine that cntains amygdalin as a major ingredient. Amygdalin in water is decomposed into benzaldehyde. HCN. and glucoseby emulsin. a hydrolysis enzyme intonin. A useful and practical method for the optimum extraction condition of amygdalin without enzymatic hydrolysis is required. The extraction yield of amygdalin of natural formula tonin was 0.1 % from crude powers. 1.4% from small pieces. 3.5% from half pieces and 2.4% from whole pieces. (omitted)

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.223.1-223.1
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• 2003

D-Amygdalin and its conversion product, neoamygdalin, were clearly separated on reverse-phase column chromatography by an optimized eluent of 10 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 3.5) containing 8.5% acetonitrile. Linearity for analyzing D-amygdalin and neoamygdalin was observed in the range from 0.05 to 0.5 mM. The detection limits for D-amygdalin and neoamygdalin were ca. 5 uM per injected amount. When extracting amygdalin from a whole piece of Armeniacae Semen in the boiling aqueous solution, there was almost no influence of emulsin; it resulted in higher extraction yield. (omitted)