• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.1168-1177
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• 2019

In order to diagnose and prevent Alzheimer's Disease (AD), it is becoming increasingly important to develop a CAD(Computer-aided Diagnosis) system for AD diagnosis, which provides effective treatment for patients by analyzing 3D MRI images. It is essential to apply powerful deep learning algorithms in order to automatically classify stages of Alzheimer's Disease and to develop a Alzheimer's Disease support diagnosis system that has the function of detecting hippocampus and CSF(Cerebrospinal fluid) which are important biomarkers in diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. In this paper, for AD diagnosis, we classify a given MRI data into three categories of AD, mild cognitive impairment, and normal control according by applying 3D brain MRI image to the Faster R-CNN model and detect hippocampus and CSF in MRI image. To do this, we use the 2D MRI slice images extracted from the 3D MRI data of the Faster R-CNN, and perform the widely used majority voting algorithm on the resulting bounding box labels for classification. To verify the proposed method, we used the public ADNI data set, which is the standard brain MRI database. Experimental results show that the proposed method achieves impressive classification performance compared with other state-of-the-art methods.

• The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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• v.18
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• pp.39-50
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• 1999

• 월간산업보건
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• s.91
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• pp.37-39
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• 1995

• Toxicological Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.93-98
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• 2012

This study has attempted to establish an analysis method through validation against heavy metals in the body (Pb, Cd and Hg) using ICP-MS and Gold amalgamation and find out the relevance between heavy metal and Alzheimer's disease after analyzing the distribution of heavy metal concentration (Pb, Cd and Hg) and correlations between a control group and Alzheimer's disease group. In this study, Pb and Cd levels in the blood and serum were validation using ICP-MS. For analysis of Hg levels in the blood and serum, the gold amalgamation-based 'Direct Mercury Analyzer' has been used. According to an analysis on the heavy metal concentration (Pb, Cd and Hg concentration) in the blood, Cd concentration was high in the Alzheimer's disease group. In the serum, on the contrary, Pb and Hg were high in the Alzheimer's disease group. For analysis of correlations between heavy metal levels in the blood and serum and Alzheimer's disease, t-test has been performed. Even though correlations were observed between the blood lead levels and Alzheimer's disease, they were statistically insignificant because the concentration was higher in a control group. No significance was found in Cd and Hg. In the serum, on the other hand, no statistical significance was found between the heavy metal (Pb, Cd and Hg) and Alzheimer's disease. In this study, no statistical significance was observed between heavy metal and decrease in cognitive intelligence. However, it appears that a further study needs to be performed because the results of the conventional studies were inconsistent.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.119-139
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• 2004

This research investigates the effect of the Hibiscus syriacus(HSS) on Alzheimer's disease. Specifically, the effects of the HSS extract on (1) $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with LPS; (2) amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE), and glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with CT-105; (3) the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell treated with CT-105; (4) the behavior; (4) expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ mRNA, $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA, and reactive oxygen species(ROS); (5) the infarction area of the hippocampus, and brain tissue injury in Alzheimer's diseased mice induced with ${\beta}A$ were investigated. The results were summarized below ; 1. The HSS extract suppressed the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA in THP-l cells treated with LPS. 2. The HSS extract suppressed the expression of APP, AChE, and GFAP mRNA in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 3. The HSS extract suppressed the AChE activity, and the production of APP significantly in PC-12 cells treated with CT-105. 4. For the HSS extract group a significant inhibitory effect on the memory deficit was shown for the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$ in the Morris water maze experiment, which measured stop-through latency, and distance movement-through latency. 5. The HSS extract suppressed the over-expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA, CD68/GFAP, ROS in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. 6. The HSS extract reduced the infarction area of hippocampus, and controlled the injury of brain tissue in the mice with Alzheimer's disease induced by ${\beta}A$. These results suggest that the HSS extract may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the HSS extract for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1996

1. Out of 21 examples on a clinical base Alzheimer type dementia were 8 examples(38%), 11 vascular types(52%), 1 Alzheimer and vascular mixed type and rest 1 was secondary dementia type(NPH).2. Between the genders, there were 5 males and 3 females for Alzheimer types, 6 males and 5 females for the vascular types, 1 male for Alzheimer and vascular mixed type, and 1 female for secondary dementia type(NPH).3. For the degrees of Alzheimer type dementia there were 2 mild dementia, 4 moderate dementia, and 2 severe dementia. 4. Among the Alzheimer types 2 mild dementia were almost recovered back to normal in approximately 2 months, 2of 4 moderate dementia became significantly better in approximately 2 months and recovered to almost normal state in 3 to 5 months. The rest 2 have been under treatment for 3 months, but showed a little improvement. Out of 2 severe dementia examples, one showed a little improvement even if it has been under treatment over 2 years. The other example did not show any improvement, but dementia did not proceed any more.5. Among the 11 vascular examples, 7 recovered in 2 to 3 months, 1 in 5 months, 2 recovered in a year, and the treatment was stopped arbitrary for the last one.6 In the case of Alzheimer and vascular mixed type dementia, even the moderate dementia did not show any apparent result in 6 months.7. For NPHI (Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus), there was an improvement on dementia in 2 months after the treatment, but gait disturbance and urinary incontinence did not show any noticeable difference. As a conclusion, almost all the Alzheimer and vascular type patients recovered, but the treatment periods varied depending on the types of the dementia and the degree of seriousness, especially in the case of the severe Alzheimer patients, the treatment oniy suppression the progression of the dementia. The most important aspect from clinical point of view was even if almost all the patients were almost completely cired, they need to keep being cured for a long period of time. The method with respect to Four Constitutions is thought of the most desirable.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.133-141
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• 2006

Objectives : This research was investigated the effect of the Ginseng Radix plus Crataegi Fructus on the gene expression in relation to Alzheimer's disease. Methods : Observed gene expression of the Ginseng Radix plus Crataegi Fructus extract on $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, COX-2, and NOS-II mRNA of BV2 microglia cell line treated with lipopolysacchride. Results : The Ginseng Radix plus Crataegi Fructus extract suppressed the gene expression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, COX-2, NOS-II mRNA in BV2 microglia cell line treated with lipopolysacchride. Conclusion : These results suggest that the Ginseng Radix plus Crataegi Fructus extract may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Investigation into the clinical use of the Ginseng Radix plus Crataegi Fructus extract for Alzheimer's disease is suggested for future research.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.457-461
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• 2011

A 24-week randomized open-label study with Korean red ginseng (KRG) showed cognitive benefits in patients with Alzheimer's disease. To further determine long-term effect of KRG, the subjects were recruited to be followed up to 2 yr. Cognitive function was evaluated every 12 wk using the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale (ADAS) and the Korean version of the Mini Mental Status Examination (K-MMSE) with the maintaining dose of 4.5 g or 9.0 g KRG per d. At 24 wk, there had been a significant improvement in KRG-treated groups. In the long-term evaluation of the efficacy of KRG after 24 wk, the improved MMSE score remained without significant decline at the 48th and 96th wk. ADAS-cog showed similar findings. Maximum improvement was found around week 24. In conclusion, the effect of KRG on cognitive functions was sustained for 2 yr follow-up, indicating feasible efficacies of long-term follow-up for Alzheimer's disease.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.103-118
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• 2004

Objective : This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of KongJin-dan(KJD) on the Alzheimer's disease. Method : The effects of KJD on $LI-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE), glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP) mRNA of PC-12 and THP-1 cell treated by CT105 and AChE activity, APP production of PC-12 cell lysate treated by CT105 were investigated, respectively. Results : 1. KJD suppressed $LI-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$, APP, AChE, GFAP mRNA in THP-1 and PC-12 cell treated by CT105. 2. KJD suppressed AChE activity and production of APP significantly in cell lysate of PC-12 cell treated by CT105. Conclusions : This study shows that KJD might be usefully applied for prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.394-403
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• 2006

This research investigated the effect of the CMT and MCMT on Alzheimer's disease. The effects of the CMT and MCMT extract on expression of proinflammatory cytokine($IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$) in the THP-1 cell; amyloid precursor proteins(APP), acetylcholinesterase(AChE) mRNA of PC-12 cells treated with CT105; the AChE activity and the APP production of PC-12 cell lysate treated with CT105 were investigated. The CMT and MCMT extract suppressed overexpression of $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ in the THP-1 cell treated by LPS; the expression of APP, AChE mRNA in PC-12 cells treated with CT105; the AChE activity and the production of APP in PC-12 cell lysate treated with CT105 significantly. This study suggest that CMT and MCMT may be effective for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease.