• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.167-173
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• 2012

The purpose of this paper is to investigate non-work relating activities at work. To do this, this paper proposes and analyzes a simple theoretical model consisting of factors such as non-work relating smartphone usage during working hours, non-work relating coffee break during working hours, work after working hours, and job performance. Our findings are revealed as following: First, non-work-related coffee break has positive effect on performance. Second, non-work-related smartphone usage generally has negative effect on performance, but it has positive effect on performance in personal communication with co-workers. Third, work after working hours has negative effect on performance.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.13-26
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to investigate the present conditions of the night work and shift work systems in the heavy chemical industrial complexes found in Changwon, Masan, and Chinhae. Korea. We will attempt to define and classify their problems; and to discover further ways to improve their systems. Fifty production factories were carefully selected as the subjects for this study. The shift systems were classified into five categories. The consecutive night shifts were long in almost all cases with 6 days (36 factories) and 7 days (13 factories). It was found that the night work of about] 2 hours continues for a long period in the weekly rotation full-day shift systems and the night-including non-full-day shift systems, and there was no holiday during a shift cycle in the continuous full-day shift systems. The work time in most shift systems was longer than the 44-hours/week permitted by Korean law. Considering the characteristics of these various types of shift systems, the most essential thing to reduce the shift workers' work load may be to shorten their working hours and improve the schedule of shift systems. It is highly recommended as a fundamental solution. to reduce the portal-to-portal hours from 12 to 8 in the night-including non-full-day shift systems and the weekly rotation full-day shift systems, and at least to employ a 4-team 3-shift system in the continuous full-day shift systems. In addition to this, it should from now on be taken as a goal to restructure the types of shift systems by taking such measures as avoiding continuous night work if possible, providing sufficient off-duty intervals both before and after night shift, providing increased opportunities for workers to nap during night work. and increasing the number of holidays.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• v.35
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• pp.50.1-50.11
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• 2023

Background: The rise in telecommuting or non-face-to-face work owing to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has fueled conversations regarding the "right to disconnect." Although evidence suggests that receiving work-related communications through telecommunication devices outside of work hours may lead to various symptoms and illnesses, limited research has been undertaken on these symptoms. This study therefore aims to investigate the correlation between receiving work communications through telecommunication devices after work hours and the occurrence of work-related headaches and eyestrain in full-time, non-shift white-collar workers. Methods: This study used data from the 6th Korean Working Conditions Survey. The frequency of using telecommunication devices for work purposes outside of working hours was divided into five categories: "Every day," "Several times a week," "Several times a month," "Rarely," and "Never." Work-related headaches and eyestrain were categorized based on a "yes" or "no" response to the survey questions. Descriptive statistics, χ² tests, and multiple logistic regression analyses were performed using SPSS 27.0. Results: After adjusting for sex, age, income level, education, occupation, workplace size, work hours, and sleep disorders, the odds ratio (OR) of work-related headaches and eyestrain based on frequency of telecommunication device usage were as follows: "rarely" (OR: 1.292; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.111-1.503), "several times a month" (OR: 1.551; 95% CI: 1.249-1.926), "several times a week" (OR: 1.474; 95% CI: 1.217-1.784), and "every day" (OR: 1.548; 95% CI: 1.321-1.813). Conclusions: Employees who use telecommunication devices for work after regular hours are more susceptible to experiencing work-related headaches and eyestrain compared to those who do not. However, there is a dearth of research examining the physical and mental health impacts of using telecommunication devices for after-hours work. Furthermore, the existing preventative measures in Korea are insufficient. Consequently, it is imperative to develop effective measures and conduct additional research to address this issue.

• Annals of Occupational and Environmental Medicine
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• v.35
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• pp.8.1-8.12
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• 2023

Background: Prolonged use of visual display terminal (VDT) can cause eyestrain, dry eyes, blurred vision, double vision, headache and musculoskeletal symptoms (neck, shoulder, and wrist pain). VDT working hours among workers have greatly increased during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between VDT working hours and headache/eyestrain in wage workers using data from the sixth Korean Working Conditions Survey (KWCS) (2020-2021) conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: We analyzed the sixth KWCS data of 28,442 wage workers aged 15 years or older. The headache/eyestrain that occurred in the last year was assessed. The VDT work group included workers who use VDT always, almost always, and three-fourth of the working hours, while the non-VDT work group included workers who use VDT half of the working hours, one-fourth of the working hours, almost never, and never. To analyze the relationship between VDT working hours and headache/eyestrain, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using logistic regression analysis. Results: Among the non-VDT work group, 14.4% workers experienced headache/eyestrain, whereas 27.5% workers of the VDT work group experienced these symptoms. For headache/eyestrain, the VDT work group showed adjusted OR of 1.94 (95% CI: 1.80-2.09), compared with the non-VDT work group, and the group that always used VDT showed adjusted OR of 2.54 (95% CI: 2.26-2.86), compared with the group that never used VDT. Conclusions: This study suggests that during the COVID-19 pandemic, as VDT working hours increased, the risk of headache/eyestrain increased for Korean wage workers.

• Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.71-93
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• 2015

Due to the rapid development of information communication technology, employees have conducted their tasks with smart devices such as smartphones and tablet PCs in the midst of after work hours. In line with this phenomenon, we have examined the relationships among technostress, work connectivity behavior after hours (WCBA) and technostress inhibitors and job satisfaction. Based on the results of prior research, we developed and tested our research model which posits the certain factors such as technostress, WCBA and technostress inhibitors affect work-life conflicts which, in turn influence employees' job satisfaction. Survey data collected from 345 users who have experiences on using smart devices was used to test the model using PLS (partial least squares). In this study, we found that technostress and WCBA were positively related to the work-life conflicts. We also found that the relationship between technostress inhibitors and job satisfaction was significant. The implications of these findings for both research and practice are discussed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.1062-1066
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• 2001

Studies were carried out on forty young bulls of the Hariana breed (around 18 months of age) selected on the basis of their dam's milk yield at the animal farm of CCS HAU, Hisar during the period 1993-1999. Since animals showed variation in capacity to work over prolonged periods, they were subjected to regimes of carting without load and with 8 qtls. of load for three hours. The study revealed that maximum change took place in the pulse rate, followed by respiration rate and rectal temperature. The mean fatigue score for pulling an empty cart ranged between 1.66 to 2.20 after two hours work, and 2.36 to 2.73 after three hours work. For a cart loaded with 8 qtls., the corresponding ranges were 2.90 to 3.36 and 3.40 to 4.10, respectively. These results indicated that the animals under experiment had the capacity to pull moderate load (8 qtls.) for about two hours without showing any serious effect on the ability to recover and soon to work again.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.501-506
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• 2019

This paper presents a prescriptive alternative for establishing a FRMS suitable for us based on scientific data ahead of the introduction and implementation of the FRMS for air traffic controllers in order to meet the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) international standards. I would like to present. Therefore, we confirmed the operation of each air traffic control agency against the current domestic operating standards, and compared and reviewed the operation methods and standards of air traffic control agencies in each country. The controller in Korea defines 10 hours of working hours per day, 8 hours of minimum breaks, and 40 hours per week. Currently, in the case of air traffic control agencies, the daytime and the appropriate working hours are used in the daytime, but in the nighttime, the average time exceeds 5.9 hours. In the case of 40 hours a week, they work an average of 15.7 hours overtime. By adjusting the nighttime work time, this work can be solved by diversifying the form of the worker's input method according to the personal schedule rather than the two-day (day / night) method, as well as the appropriate nighttime time distribution by supplementing the personnel.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2022

In the Chinese workplace, the use of SNS such as Wechat and QQ for work delivery out of duty hours has become a very common phenomenon, which is also known as the "new night shift". This study is to empirically analyze the effect of work delivery using SNS out of duty hours on job performance. A questionnaire survey was conducted with 310 Chinese workplace employees. In order to verify the hypothesis, structural equation model analysis will be implemented. Analyzing the questionnaire data and receiving frequent work delivery using SNS out of duty hours will increase job stress, aggravate the conflicts between work and family, and lead to the decrease of job engagement and job performance. The study provides implications for the establishment of related theories by providing a different view form previous research results that work delivery using SNS out of duty hours will definitely improve job performance. In addition, in future studies, it will be necessary to analyze the effect of the moderating effect in converging these conflicting views.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.178-186
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• 2020

Background: Cognitive impairment is a public health burden. Our objective was to investigate associations between work hours and cognitive function. Methods: Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) participants (n = 2,497; 50.7% men; age range 44-84 years) reported hours per week worked in all jobs in Exams 1 (2000-2002), 2 (2002-2004), 3 (2004-2005), and 5 (2010-2011). Cognitive function was assessed (Exam 5) using the Cognitive Abilities Screening Instrument (version 2), a measure of global cognitive functioning; the Digit Symbol Coding, a measure of processing speed; and the Digit Span test, a measure of attention and working memory. We used a prospective approach and linear regression to assess associations for every 10 hours of work. Results: Among all participants, associations of hours worked with cognitive function of any type were not statistically significant. In occupation-stratified analyses (interaction p = 0.051), longer work hours were associated with poorer global cognitive function among Sales/Office and blue-collar workers, after adjustment for age, sex, physical activity, body mass index, race/ethnicity, educational level, annual income, history of heart attack, diabetes, apolipoprotein E-epsilon 4 allele (ApoE4) status, birth-place, number of years in the United States, language spoken at MESA Exam 1, and work hours at Exam 5 (β = -0.55, 95% CI = -0.99, -0.09) and (β = -0.80, -1.51, -0.09), respectively. In occupation-stratified analyses (interaction p = 0.040), we also observed an inverse association with processing speed among blue-collar workers (adjusted β = -0.80, -1.52, -0.07). Sex, race/ethnicity, and ApoE4 did not significantly modify associations between work hours and cognitive function. Conclusion: Weak inverse associations were observed between work hours and cognitive function among Sales/Office and blue-collar workers.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.41-55
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• 2015

Working the night-shift and long working hours may be linked to insomnia. The purpose of this study is to determine the association between night-shift work and long working-hours with regard to subjective insomnia in Korean workers. This study was based on the Third Korean Working Condition Survey (KWCS) conducted on workers in 2011. The total number of individuals included in the analysis was 34,708 workers. Adjusted odd ratios showed statistically effective associations to insomnia. For night-shift work, the results were 2.71 (1.53 - 4.82) for night shift work by experts and managers, 2.95 (2.11 - 4.11) for night-shift work by officers, and 3.90 (2.05 - 7.42) for night-shift work by engineers compared with day duty. For long working hours, the scores were 2.43 (1.68-3.51) for >52 working hours by officers, 1.72 (1.15 - 2.58) for those in sales and service compared to ${\leq}40$ working hours. We suggest the need for Korean workers to target specific groups when creating policies related to reasonable environmental conditions.