• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.47-53
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• 2018

Purpose: To find the effect of visual feedback of head angle with using a mobile posture-aware system on craniocervical angle and neck and shoulder muscles fatigue for preventing or decreasing the forward head posture. Methods: Twenty-four healthy young adults in Chungbuk to participate in this study. The subjects started to watch a movie clip for 10 minutes with visual feedback in $0^{\circ}$, $30^{\circ}$, and $60^{\circ}$ of head angles. During the task, surface electromyography (EMG) was used to collect data from the upper trapezius (UT), sternocleidomasetoid muscle (SCM), cervical erecter spinae (CES) during watching the smartphone. Craniocervical angles were measured using a sagittal-view photograph of the subject in a sitting posture. A one-way repeated analysis of variance with a significant level of 0.05 used for statistical analysis. Results: Craniocervical angle with $0^{\circ}$ visual feedback was significantly greater than $30^{\circ}$ and $60^{\circ}$. Craniocervical angle with $30^{\circ}$ visual feedback was significantly greater than $60^{\circ}$. In addition, MDF of UT muscles in $0^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$ of visual feedback was significantly greater than $60^{\circ}$. Conclusion: We concluded that $0^{\circ}$ visual feedback of head angle with using a mobile posture-aware system would be beneficial to prevent or decrease forward head posture during watching a smartphone. We also could recommend using of $30^{\circ}$ visual feedback in case of caring UT muscle fatigue primarily.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2002

This study set out to investigate what kind of effects the consistent visual stimuli and verbal and non verbal auditory stimuli have on pain alleviation, as well as to see the influence of joint application of visual and auditory stimuli at the same time on pain alleviation, according to lightness of 50lux and 200lux, ultimately providing basic data in setting up an environment in case of treating pain. The subject were comprised of 30 male and female adults with pain in the neck and back area. The subject were treated in their pain area with Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulator(TENS) 100HZ for 20 minutes in the research set where each visual, auditory, and joint visual and auditory stimuli was given. For analysis methods, Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) and McGill Pain Questionnaire were adopted to see the changes before and after treatment, and the electrocardiogram, systolic and diastolic pressure, number of heart rate and breathing frequence and endorphin were compared and analyzed using the Wilcoxon singed-rank test. And The Kreskal-walllis test was used to compare the two subgroups from each group. Wilcoxon singed-rank test and the Kreskal-walllis test was used to compare the two subgroups from each group. The results were as follows: 1. The group of 50lux and 200lux were compared given varying degrees of visual stimuli. The group of 200lux showed more reduction in pain points, average systolic and diastolic pressure and average endorphin. 2. The group of verbal and non verbal were compared given varying degrees of auditory stimuli. The group of non-verbal showed more reduction in average systolic and diastolic pressure. 3. The group of 200lux+verbal and 200lux+non verbal were compared given varying degrees of joint visual and auditory stimuli. There was found a statistical significance(p<0.05) in endorphin between the two groups, with more endorphin reduction for 200lux+non verbal group. And there was a statistically significant reduction in VAS and McGill before and after the treatment between the two groups.

• Archives of design research
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.407-414
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• 2002

Human does information processing more efficiently using mental model at his understanding process. if We know what mental model is, we will know how to percept that. Similarly is it used visual mental model to percept visual object\ulcorner If it is true, we will analysis how man to understand. In this research, we have one experimentation to timid out that is true. So we did experimentation to know how man to understand new products by visual mental model. So we use 2700cc car's side view as stimuli. To A Subjects, we give them to see re\ulcorner size view before 120% ratio. To B Subject, we give them to see 120% ratio. After a experimentation, It is true that we make hypothesis that A Subjects percept this stimuli too long then B Subjects. Accordingly it proves human to use visual mental model to percept visual object. The result of experimentation, a testee use preliminary stimulus as basis of evaluation. It means that he use mental model as basis of evaluation of main stimulus. Accordingly development of new design can afford more strategic approach. Industrial designer who want to strategic approach can forced on high-weighted form attribute as consumer gives.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 1999.03a
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• pp.237-242
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• 1999

The nature of the interactions between the vestibular and autonomic systems is complex and has not been fully defined. Vestibuloocular reflex induced by sinusoidal rotation and activity of the autonomic nerves in the heart were measured to investigate the interactions between the vestibular system and the autonomic nervous system in healthy adults. Eye movement induced by sinusoidal rotation of the whole body or optokinetic stimulation at 0.04 Hz was analyzed in gain, phase, and symmetry. EKG was measured during vestibular stimulation and analyzed in heart rate variability including mean R-R interval, standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variance (CV) of R-R interval, and power spectrum of low frequency region (LF) and high frequency region (HF). Gain of eye movement was 0.65${\pm}$0.03 by ratatory stimulation, 0.70${\pm}$0.02 in optokinetic stimulation, 0.08${\pm}$0.02 in visual suppression, and 0.84${\pm}$0.04 in visual enhancement. In R-R interval, resting condition (control) was 0.82${\pm}$0.03 sec, and visual suppression showed significant increase and visual enhancement did significant decrease compared with control (p<0.01).CV was 0.06${\pm}$0.02 in control and visual enhancement increased significantly (p<0.05). In LF/HF control was 1.40${\pm}$0.23, which was not different from rotatory or optokinetic stimulation. But visual suppression decreased LF/HF significantly and visual enhancement increased significantly compared with control (p<0.01). These results suggest that degree of gain corresponds with LF/HF and increased gain in visual enhancement is deeply related to the activity of sympathetic nerves.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.791-810
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• 2017

This study explored the possibility of using visual models in teaching proportional reasoning based on the review of previous studies. Many studies on proportional reasoning emphasize that students tend to simply apply formal procedures without understanding the meaning behind them and that using visual models may be an alternative to help students develop informal strategies and proportional reasoning. Given these, we re-constructed and implemented the unit of a textbook to teach sixth graders proportional reasoning with ratio table, double number line, and double tape diagram. The results of this study showed that such visual models helped students understand the meaning of proportion, explore the properties of proportion, and solve proportional problems. However, several difficulties that students experienced in using the visual models led us to suggest cautionary notes when to teach proportional reasoning with visual models. As such, this study is expected to provide empirical information for textbook developers and teachers who teach proportional reasoning with visual models.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.738-748
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• 2013

The present study investigated whether convergence training in which has an effect on reducing visual discomfort in viewing 3D TV. The stereoscopic depth of 3D training stimulus was gradually increased while maintaining individual visual discomfort at a minimum value. Participants were randomly assigned into one of three groups: a control group and two training groups. For both training groups, all procedure and the disparity range of training stimuli were the same except the order of the disparities of training stimuli. One of the two different training procedure was provided: gradual change or random change of the disparities of training stimulus. Training itself was very effective so that convergence fusional range was improved after three sessions of training with intervals of two weeks. In order to evaluate the effect of convergence training on visual discomfort, the subjective visual discomfort in 3D TV viewing was measured before and after training sessions using questionnaire. The results showed that a significant reduction in visual discomfort was found after training only in the group of gradual change. These results demonstrated a repeated convergence training might be helpful in reducing the visual discomfort in 3D TV environment.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.17-24
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of present study was to determine effects of a visual feedback training on balance ability in poststroke hemiparetic subjects. Methods : Fourteen chronic stroke patients participated. Participants were randomly divided into either visual feedback training group(7 experimental group, 7 control group). All of participated were inpatients at local rehabilitation center and had been receiving a traditional rehabilitation program, five days a week. Exprimental group have additionally undergone for four weeks, three days a week, the visual feedback training but control group was not received any additional program except the traditional rehabilitation program. The Berg Balance Scale(BBS), the FICSIT-4, the MTD-balance system to measure a balance ability were carried out twice before and after training. Results : After participation in the program, subjects of visual feedback training demonstrated a significant improvement in the scores of the BBS, the FICSIT-4, the MTD-Balance system. The control group had no change on the any tests. After the training, the result to improve significantly in visual feedback training group compared to post-test of control group were the score of BBS and the FICSIT-4 and the MTD-Balance system. Conclusions : The present study suggests that the visual feedback training program may become a useful strategy for enhancing balance ability in the rehabilitation of stroke patiens.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.120-131
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• 2017

Recent studies have suggested that providing in-vehicle feedback on various driving behaviors promote eco-friendly driving behaviors. However, there was relatively little interest in cognitive overload that can be caused by the provision of information. Thus, the goal of this study was to investigate the relative effects of two types of feedback(visual feedback vs. visual-auditory feedback) to increase eco-driving performance while minimizing driving workload. Also, in this study, the complexity of the driving task was distinguished (secondary vs. tertiary task) in order to reflect the actual driving situation. The study adopted a counterbalancing design in which the two feedback types were delivered in a different order under the two different task conditions. Results showed that providing the visual-auditory feedback was more effective than the visual only feedback in both promoting eco-friendly driving behaviors and minimizing driving workload under both task conditions.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.138-150
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• 2020

Pedestrians are the most vulnerable road users. According to one analysis of traffic accidents over a five year period, pedestrians accounted for about 40% of all road traffic deaths in South Korea. Although some policy and engineering approaches have been taken to reduce and prevent traffic accidents, the annual accident change rate is -0.7%, which is insufficient. This study verifies the effectiveness of presenting visual messages to pedestrians and the effect from adding auditory messages to the visual messages. The experiment was conducted on crosswalks adjacent to an intersection, and safety behaviors were recorded for a total of 898 pedestrians and considered sufficient. As a result of the study, overall pedestrian safety behavior improved when both visual and auditory messages were presented, rather than just visual messages. Therefore, the results indicate it is more effective to provide a mixed visual/auditory form of messages, rather than providing single stimulus messages.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.611-612
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• 2017

Recently, exhibition space has incorporated a format in which visual contents providers and viewers can directly or indirectly experience the space with a sense of immersion. By offering more extended spatiality within a limited space, such exhibition design is now transcending physical limitations and expanding to visual reality; as such, exhibition design demands the implementation of not only visual elements but information services generated between people, contents, and objects. To this end, this study examines the changes and the development direction of exhibition techniques that use Internet of Things (IoT), which is a representation of environmental change in exhibition design of our times; it also explores the various forms of change based on the perception of the visual contents (visual exhibits) users during the act of accumulating and using information through the smartphone communication of viewers who experience the space through IoT. Finally, the study conducts a case study on the relationship between a regular exhibition and an exhibition design that makes use of IoT, in order to propose an exhibition design with which to verify whether the viewers are immersed in and experience a sense of realism from visual contents by identifying the viewers' visual and emotional changes.