Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.5909/JBE.2013.18.5.738

Effects of the Convergence Training on Reduction of Visual Discomfort in 3D TV Environment  

Kham, Keetaek (Kangwon University)
Jeon, Hyunmin (Kangwon University)
Publication Information
Journal of Broadcast Engineering / v.18, no.5, 2013 , pp. 738-748 More about this Journal
Abstract
The present study investigated whether convergence training in which has an effect on reducing visual discomfort in viewing 3D TV. The stereoscopic depth of 3D training stimulus was gradually increased while maintaining individual visual discomfort at a minimum value. Participants were randomly assigned into one of three groups: a control group and two training groups. For both training groups, all procedure and the disparity range of training stimuli were the same except the order of the disparities of training stimuli. One of the two different training procedure was provided: gradual change or random change of the disparities of training stimulus. Training itself was very effective so that convergence fusional range was improved after three sessions of training with intervals of two weeks. In order to evaluate the effect of convergence training on visual discomfort, the subjective visual discomfort in 3D TV viewing was measured before and after training sessions using questionnaire. The results showed that a significant reduction in visual discomfort was found after training only in the group of gradual change. These results demonstrated a repeated convergence training might be helpful in reducing the visual discomfort in 3D TV environment.
Keywords
3D TV; Convergence training; reduction of visual discomfort; Eye strain; Vertigo;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Hoffman, D. M., Girshick, A. R., Akeley, K., & Banks, M. S. Vergence-accommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue. Journal of Vision, 8(3), 1-30, 3, 2008.
2 Hoffman, D. M., Girshick, A. R., Akeley, K., & Banks, M. S. Vergence-accommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue. Journal of Vision, 8(3), 1-30, 3, 2008.
3 Seuntiëns, P. J. H., Meesters, L. M. J., Ijsselsteijn, W. A. Perceptual attributes of crosstalk in 3D images. Display, 26, 177-183, 10, 2005.   DOI   ScienceOn
4 Kuze, J., & Ukai, K., Subjective evaluation of visual fatigue caused by motion images. Display, 29, 159-166, 3, 2008.   DOI   ScienceOn
5 Yano, S., Ide, S., Mitsuhashi, T., & Thwaites, H. A study of visual fatigue and visual comfort for 3D HDTV/HDTV image. Displays, 23, 191-201, 9, 2002.   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Emoto, M., Niida, T., & Okano, F. Repeated vergence adaptation causes the decline of visual functions in watching stereoscopic television. Journal of Display Technology, 1(2), 328-340, 12, 2005.   DOI   ScienceOn
7 Lipton, L. Foundations of the stereoscopic cinema: A study in depth. NewYork, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982.
8 Patterson, R. Human factors of stereo displays: An update. Journal of the Society for Information Display, 17, 987-996, 2009.   DOI
9 Woods, A., Docherty, T. & Koch, R. Image Distortions in Stereoscopic Video Systems"", Proc. SPIE, 1915, 36-49, 1993.   DOI
10 Kooi, F. L., & Toet, A. Visual comfort of binocular and 3D displays. Displays, 25, 99-108, 2004.   DOI   ScienceOn
11 Yano, S., Emoto, M., & Mitsuhashi, T. Two factors in visual fatigue caused by stereoscopic HDTV images. Display, 25, 141-150, 2004.   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Emoto, M., Nagata, S., Yano, S. Distribution of fusional vergence limit in viewing stereoscopic image systems, Journal of Institute of Transportation Engineers, 55, 703-710, 2001.
13 Lambooij, M., & Ijsselsteijn, W. Visual discomfort and visual fatigue of stereoscopic displays: A Review. Journal of Imaging Science and Technology, 53(3), 030201-1-30201-14, 3, 2009.   DOI   ScienceOn
14 Hoffman, D. M., Girshick, A. R., Akeley, K., & Banks, M. S. Vergence-accommodation conflicts hinder visual performance and cause visual fatigue. Journal of Vision, 8(3), 1-30, 1, 2008.
15 Leeuwen, A. F., Westen, M. J., Steen, J. V. D., Faber, J. T., & Collewijn, H. Gaze-shift dynamics in subjects with and without symptoms of convergence insufficiency: influence of monocular preference and the effect of training. Vision Research, 39, 3095-3107, 9, 1999.   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Bucci, M. P., Kapoula, Z., Yang, Q., Bremond-Gignac, D., & Wiener-Vacher, S. Speed-accuracy of saccades, vergence and combined eye movements in children with vertigo. Experimental Brain Research, 157, 286-295, 3, 2004.
17 Jainta, S., Bucci, M. P., Wiener-Vacher, S., & Kapoula, Z. Changes in vergence dynamics due to repetition. Vision Research, 51, 1845-1852, 8, 2011.   DOI   ScienceOn
18 Daum, K. M., Rutstein, R. P., & Eskridge, J. B. Efficacy of computerized vergence therapy. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 64, 83-89, 2, 1987.   DOI
19 Griffin, J. R. Efficacy of vision therapy for nonstrabismic vergence anomalies. American Journal of Optometry and Physiological Optics, 64, 411-414, 6, 1987.   DOI
20 Grisham, J. D, Bowman, M. C., Owyang, L. A., & Chan, C. L. Vergence orthoptics: validity and persistence of the training effect. Optometry and Vision Science, 68(6), 441-451, 6, 1991.   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Li, H. O. Human Factor Research on the Measurement of Subjective Three Dimensional Fatigue. Journal of broadcasting engineering, 15(5), 607-616, 2010.   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Cooper, J., & Feldman, J. Operant conditioning of fusional convergence ranges using random dot stereograms, American Journal of Optometry & Physiological optics, 57(4), 205-213, 4, 1980.   DOI
23 Emoto, M., Niida, T., & Okano, F. Repeated vergence adaptation causes the decline of visual functions in watching stereoscopic television. Journal of Display Technology, 1(2), 328-340, 12, 2005.   DOI   ScienceOn
24 Wolfgang, J. K. On the preferred viewing distances to screen and document at VDU workplaces. Ergonomics, 33, 1055-1063, 1990.   DOI   ScienceOn
25 Cooper, J., Selenow, A., Ciuffreda, K. J., Feldman, J., Faverty, J. Hokoda, S. C., & Silver, J. Reduction of asthenopia in patients with convergence insufficiency after fusional vergence training, American Journal of Optometry & Physiological Optics, 60(12), 982-989, 9, 1983.   DOI
26 Allison, R. S., Gillam, B. J., & Vecelli, E. Binocular depth discrimination and estimation beyond interaction space. Journal of Vision, 9, 1-14, 1, 2009.
27 Bruce, V., Green, P. R., & Georgeson, M. A. Visual perception: physiology, psychology & ecology. Psychology Press, fourth edition, 2003.
28 Palmer, S. E. Vision Science: Photons to Phenomenology. MIT Press, 1999.
29 Schor, C. M., & Tsuetaki, T. K. Fatigue of accommodation and vergence modifies their mutual interactions. Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science, 28, 1250-1259, 8, 1987.
30 Passmore, J. W., & MacLean, F. Convergence insufficiency and its managements; an evaluation of 100 patients receiving a course of orthoptics, American Journal of Ophthalmology, 43(3), 448-456, 3, 1957.   DOI