• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2018

In this study, we investigated age differences of preference and trust ratings when the appearance of an artificial intelligent speaker resembles a human face. The appearance of the artificial intelligent speaker was presented in seven levels from robot face to human face. In addition, face stimuli were divided into gender (male and female) and age (20s / 60s). Participants evaluated the reliability and likability of each face stimulus on a 7-point scale. The results show that younger adults tend to prefer the face that was halfway between the robot and the human face, while older adults evaluated that the perceived reliability and likability were higher when the stimuli resembled the human face. When asked to choose the most preferred of the four face categories, all participants chose a younger face. However, with additional conditions including emoticon face and empty condition, older adults still preferred human face, while younger adults preferred emoticon face and empty condition. Taken together, older adults are more receptive to human faces than robotic faces in the context of artificial intelligence speakers. Because artificial intelligent speakers can play an important role in the elderly living alone, the present study will be a good reference in the design and development of artificial intelligent speakers for the elderly users.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.207-220
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• 2013

For video reality improvement, there has been much advancement in the methods of providing visual, auditory, and tactile information. On the other hand, there is little research on olfaction for video reality because it is difficult to define and knotty to manipulate. As a first step for video reality improvement using olfactory information, this research investigated users' acceptability of smell when they watch videos of various kinds and then classified the video clips based on their acceptability of different criteria. To do so, we first selected three questions of whether the scene in the video appears to have an odor (odor presence), whether a matching odor is likely to improve a sense of reality (effect on sense of reality), and whether s/he would like a matching odor to be present (preference for the matching odor). Then after collecting 51 video clips of various genres that would receive either high or low ratings for the questions above, we had participants to watch the videos and rate them for the above three questions on 7-point scale. For video classification, we paired each two questions to construct 2D space to draw scatterplot of video clips where the scales of the two questions represent X or Y axis. Clusters of video clips that locate at different quadrants of the 2D space would provide important insights in providing olfactory information for video reality improvement.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.3-16
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• 2018

Despite the substantial changes made in the product design field to adopt light as an essential design element, there has been little effort to define how customers respond emotionally to the light design of products. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the emotional effect of light as a new design element. However, previous research focuses solely on deriving optimal lighting conditions to achieve particular emotional effects. Therefore, this paper investigates the customers' desired emotional effects of product's light design. We studied refrigerators that utilize light as the main design element of the product. We applied mixed methods by combining close-ended questions and open-ended question to efficiently derive the desired emotion. Participants were asked to choose the most favorable refrigerator image in each of the twelve image groups and indicate why they choose that image with the short-answer survey form. Approximately one thousand terms were collected, and those terms were classified into 29 groups using thesaurus relationships. The term groups were again classified into the four big emotion categories and labelled as "abstract quality," "light property," "space perception," and "visual comfort." Also, a model of the relationship between desired light style and light properties was proposed, since we observed the light properties related to three other categories. This study used mixed methods to identify the emotional value of a new design element. We suggest that the emotional categories derived and the proposed relationship model could be used to evaluate the product's light design.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.339-360
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to revitalize library service by examining how public and medical libraries provide health and medical information services. For this purpose, we conducted a survey of the two library types, and the results are as follows. First, more than 50% of the questions public librarians were termed "immediate answer" questions, while more than 80% of the questions medical librarians receive take up to a few days' time to answer. Public librarians were more likely to comment on the limitations of their expertise and information resources as compared to the medical librarians. Second, public librarians use mainly medical journals and websites for answering users' requests. However, medical librarians used, in almost the same ratio, all types of information resources represented in the survey questions. Third, when asking about health/medical-related training contents for performing their tasks, public and medical librarians are highly interested in all information about all health-related issues. However, while medical librarians showed high interest in all subject areas, public librarians most preferred well-being related education topics such as Information on diet and nutrition, Information about exercise and fitness, and information on quitting smoking.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.61-72
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• 2017

Purpose - Despite that the importance of small enterprises' performance in the community has been magnified, no study has been conducted yet on the performance based on consumers directly faced by small enterprises. Accordingly, this study aims to investigate the relationship between the life styles of consumers who use small enterprises' stores by type and the word of mouth(WOM) effects, which are concrete behaviors of consumers. Research design, data, and methodology - The VALS classification system was utilized to classify the types of life styles of consumers who use small enterprises' stores. The consumers were divided into a total of four types. This study was intended to investigate the effects of the types of consumers on the word of mouth(WOM) effects of consumers who use small enterprises' stores along with the effects of consumers' perception of economic situations on their word of mouth(WOM) effects after using small enterprises' stores. Results - The results of the study indicated that among the types of consumers who use small enterprises' stores, the group that pursues faith and the group that pursues knowledge had positive (+) effects on favorable word of mouth(WOM) effects. However, the group that pursues trends and the group that pursues action were shown to have no effect and positive or negative perceptions of economic situations were shown to have no effects of the word of mouth(WOM) effects of users of small enterprises' stores. Conclusions - In this study, as a measure to create small enterprises' performance, word of mouth(WOM) effects on small enterprises' stores according to consumers' consumption behaviors were examined focusing on consumers. Through the study results, the groups of consumers who use small enterprises' stores by type that provide favorable word of mouth(WOM) effects were derived. And This Study aims to investigate the relationship between the four type life styles of consumer who use small enterprises' stores and the word of mouth(WOM) effect. Accordingly This study is significant in that it derived a measure to create small enterprises' performance centering on consumers and that it presented a cornerstone for the establishment of small enterprises at the government level.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.1-11
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to propose the direction of AI education in K-12 education through investigating and analyzing aspects of the purpose, content, and methods of AI education as the curriculum and teacher training factors. We collected and analyzed 9 papers as the primary literature and 11 domestic and foreign policy reports as the secondary literature. The collected literatures were analyzed by applying a descriptive reviews, and the implications were derived by analyzing the curriculum components and TPACK elements for multi-dimensional analysis. As a result of this study, AI education targets were divided into three steps: AI users, utilizer, and developers. In K-12 education, the user and utilizer stages are appropriate, and artificial intelligence literacy must be included for user education. Based on the current computing thinking ability and coding ability for utilizer education, the implication was derived that it is necessary to target the ability to create creative output by applying the functions of artificial intelligence. In addition to the pedagogical knowledge and the ability to use the platform, The teacher training is necessary because teachers need content knowledge such as problem-solving, reasoning, learning, perception, and some applied mathematics, cognitive / psychological / ethical of AI.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.80-91
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• 2008

The Purpose of this study is the applicaion of social network analysis for expanding the use of spatial data in local government. Spatial data generated from UIS projects play very important roles as a means of supporting decision making and solving complicated urban problems, but the utilization of the spatial data has not reach the expected level, considering to the huge amount of investment. Accordingly, there should be efforts in efficient management of spatial data, establishment of a sharing system, and expanded utilization of spatial data. Social network analysis applied to this research is a theory that explains the behaviors and patterns of units forming the system and measures distances between nodes, strength, etc. based on relations among nodes forming the network and the structural characteristics of the network. According to the results of surveying civil servants who were using spatial data on Busan Metropolitan City, obstacles to the sharing of spatial data were mostly non technical factors related to data users' attitude and their relations with circumstances. In order to expand the use of spatial data, this study performed social network analysis that applied the theory of planned behavior and examined the flow of spatial data, and by doing so, we analyzed related personnel's perception, identified obstacles to data sharing, and suggested a framework for promoting the expanded utilization of spatial data.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.02a
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• pp.8-15
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• 2007

최근 온라인 게임 시장이 급속하게 성장하고 있다. 온라인 게임은 컴퓨터 게임의 장르 중에 상당히 큰 비중을 차지하고 있으며, 많은 사용자들은 온라인 게임을 매일 즐기고 있다. 온라인 게임 시장이 커지면서, 온라인 게임 아이템의 거래 시장 역시 성장하고 있으며, 온라인 게임 아이템은 게임 안에서 거래가 이루어질 뿐만 아니라 게임 밖에서도 실제 화폐를 통해 거래되고 있다. 게임 아이템에 대한 경매 사이트가 국내뿐만 아니라 외국에도 존재하여 활발히 거래가 이루어 지고 있으며, 2004년에는 게임 아이템의 구매를 위해서 최대 8억 8000만 달러에 이르는 실제 화폐가 지불될 정도로 게임 아이템의 거래 시장은 거대하다. 이렇게 규모가 커진 게임 아이템 거래 시장은 학술적으로, 실용적으로 많은 중요성을 갖는다. 그러나 온라인 게임 아이템 거래에 대한 실증적인 연구는 많지 않다. 몇몇 온라인 게임 아이템 거래에 대한 연구는 게임 아이템의 권리를 중심으로 연구가 되었으며, 게임에 대한 많은 연구는 게임 아이템보다는 몬스터와 싸우는 것이나 게임 캐릭터를 만드는 것과 같은 게임 플레잉 설계에 집중하고 있다. 또한 전자 상거래 분야에서는 사용자들이 거래를 통해 최대한의 이윤을 얻기 위할 것이라는, 즉 외적 동기를 가지고 있을 것이라는 가정을 바탕으로 거래의 효율성과 거래 비용에 초점을 맞추어 연구가 진행되었다. 그러나 온라인 게임 아이템은 실용적인 성격뿐만 아니라 유희적 성격을 가지고 있기 때문에 온라인 게임 아이템 거래에서 사용자는 외적 동기뿐만 아니라 내적 동기도 함께 가지게 된다. 본 연구는 거래 비용이론과 몰입, 그리고 재미와 관련된 이론을 바탕으로, 온라인 게임 아이템의 거래 방식이 사용자의 지각된 재미와 사용자가 느끼는 거래비용에 미치는 영향을 실험 방법론을 통해 실증적으로 검증하였다. 본 연구의 결과, 거래에서 내적 동기를 가진 사용자는 게임 아이템 거래 의도에 지각된 재미가 거래 비용에 비해 더 많은 영향을 미쳤으며, 외적 동기를 가진 사용자는 게임 아이템 거래 의도에 지각된 거래비용이 지각된 재미에 비해 더 많은 영향을 미쳤다. 본 연구의 결과는 과거 대부분의 관련 연구가 거래 방법의 유용성만을 강조해왔던 것과는 달리, 거래 자체의 재미와 즐거움, 그리고 거래에 대한 몰입 등의 감성적 측면을 고려함으로써 거래 비용 이론을 확장했다는 데 이론적 의의가 있을 것이다. 또한 실용적 측면에서 게임 아이템 거래 방식을 어떻게 설정해야 사용자들에게 유용성과 더불어 재미를 제공해 줄 수 있는지에 대한 실질적인 가이드라인을 제시할 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.9-20
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• 2017

Camp Page, which has been located in front of Chuncheon Station for about 50 years since 1958, recently opened to the public. Chuncheon City is currently struggling to construct a park on this site due to an uncertainty of general plans and financial difficulties. Accordingly, this research conducted a cognitive survey about site usage with Camp Page users in order to clarify directions for efficient establishment of parks within the former military base. The course of research includes analytical methods such as a survey targeting Chuncheon citizens and tourists both in the field and online, a frequency analysis of 1,360 index samples, a cross analysis and t-test. As a result, firstly, Chuncheon citizens recognized the image of Chuncheon as a city with a fresh, clean lakeshore whereas tourists think of it as a city for sightseeing and leisure. Hence, it was justifiable to conclude that the city should organize various programs for people to enjoy leisure activities while at the same time protecting the environment. Second, the awareness of tourists about Camp Page was relatively low and both citizens and tourists recognize that it was not sufficient enough for enjoyment of free time. The majority answered "space for culture and art and for experiencing the natural environment" when asked about the direction of space creation at Camp Page, which indicates that the site will need to be available both for cultural art and nature experiences. Lastly, it was thought that the direction of developing leisure facilities in Chuncheon city should include the improvement of worn out installations and developing chain products among programs. This research will be able to use fundamental data for the efficient utilization of the returned U.S. military camps that are constantly merging.

• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.43-50
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• 2006

A mirror is a familiar tool for human beings who have been seeing themselves through it for a long time since it was created. As evolving Digital Technology, many approaches about digital mirrors which reflect not only the light, but also the information have been studied. Traditional mirrors on the wall do not need any special control to perform their automatic visual feedbacks, reflecting lights. On the contrary, digital mirrors can actively provide more information to the user than the traditional ones. In this paper, we propose an active digital mirror system of which functions are changed according to the user-mirror distance. First of all, we investigated users' behaviors on mirrors and categorized the interactions by user-mirror distance. Based on the previous result, we designed the user interface of the mirror, and developed a prototype which has three recognition modules: a distance measuring module using infrared sensor arrays, a user recognition module by computer vision technique, and a control perception module using infrared sensor grid. In addition, the next steps for improving the user-centered digital mirror system, and the possibility for developing a mirror-shaped computer system were suggested.