• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.123-133
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• 2016

LNG(Liquefied Natural Gas) bunkering has become an important issue with the enforcement of environment regulations in shipping industry required by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). With increased attention on LNG bunkering, many studies that focus on safety, regulation, demand forecasting, and the feasibility of LNG fueled ships have been carried out. However, most of the existing research has not included considerations of the price of LNG bunkering and its competitiveness. This paper, therefore, suggests ways to increase price competitiveness in the LNG bunkering market in the Busan Port. This paper analyzes the LNG bunkering supply mechanism by investigating various LNG bunkering terminal business in the LNG supply market. Factors that determine LNG bunkering price and its elasticity are also identified. Market players who want to operate LNG bunkering terminals in the Busan Port should introduce a merchandising trade method that is able to exclude the "Korea premium" in order to increase price competitiveness. This paper also suggests adoptable strategies such as the use of TPS (Terminal to Ship via Pipeline) type of bunkering service and the importance of location for minimizing initial investment cost.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2019

The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006, (MLC) aimed to ensure decent working conditions for seafarers and entered into force on August 20, 2013. It was considered as the fourth pillar in the maritime sector. This paper evaluates how the MLC has been implemented in the field and what issues were addressed in the shipping industry. To achieve this, statistical analysis was conducted using inspection data of Port State Control (PSC) carried out by the Paris MOU and the Tokyo MOU during 2010-2012 and 2014-2016 for deficiencies under the MLC and International Labour Organization (ILO) No. 147 Convention. This study compared pre-2013 and post-2013 deficiency data according to ship's age, size (gross tonnage) and type. The results showed that, although the deficiencies reported by the Tokyo MOU during 2014-2016 were nearly double those from 2010-2012, the deficiency share against total deficiencies for the Tokyo MOU remained two thirds of those for the Paris MOU. This study suggests that the Tokyo MOU should strengthen its inspection efforts on MLC and ILO should provide clear references, such as guidelines and a unified interpretation for national discretions under the MLC for the purpose of harmonized PSC inspections. Additionally, it would be desirable to consolidate the deficiency coding system for the MLC by deleting the codes for the ILO No. 147 Convention, which was incorporated into the MLC. It would also be beneficial to add new deficiency codes for social security, including seafarers' leave and repatriation.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.1150-1155
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• 2014

To prevent the flame spread in FRP vessel in fire, the engine-room of the vessel should be constructed additionally with laminated fire-retardant resin over 3 times or equivalent insulation materials to former according to the relevant standard for FRP vessel structure. It is surveyed that insulation materials called 'Gel coat' are widely used in FRP fishing vessel, however, test method and its criteria for Gel coat are not clearly establish and have not been evaluated yet, while test method and criteria for fire-retardant resin and fire-retardant polyurethane composite are described in test standard for type-approval. In this study, 3 fire-retardant resins, 4 gel coats, 1 flame-retardant paint and 1 polyurethane composite were selected based on the survey and were evaluated according to both IMO FTP Code part 5 and flame-retardant test. When comparing based on CFE values from flame-spread test, average value for 4 gel coats were lower than that of 3 fire-retardant resins. As for flame-retardant test, there were no significant differences between fire-retardant resin and gel coat, based on charred area.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.47-63
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• 1978

This study was conducted to obtain a basic information necessary to assess present rice milling technology in Korea The profiles for milling plants was analyzed by survey work.For the private custom-work mills, which process about 80 percent of domestic rice consumption ,their actual milling test for the identical samples as used for filed mills was conducted. Two rice varieties Japonica and Tongil-type were associated with the experiments. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Analyses for private custom-work mills showed their general aspects as; about 91 percent of the mills belonged to an individual owner ship ; more than 93 percent of the mills was established earlier than 1950 ; about 80 percent of the mills was powered with electric motor; mills having less than two employees were about 75 percent; about 45 percent of the mills provided for warehouse in storing customers cereal grains. 2. The polishers installed in 1,255mills within the surveyed area (7 counties) have been supplied by 44 different domestic manufacturers ;in but about 60 percent of which was supplied by 6major manufacturers. The polishers could be classified into two categories in terms of principles of their polishing actions ;jet-pearler and friction types. About 51 percent of the mills was equipped with the former which has been recognized as giving greater milling recovery than the friction types. 3. Reason for owners of private mills to supplement new machines was due mainly to pgrading their mills to meet the requirements that established by the Government. However, about 60 percent of the mill owners intended to replace with new pearler by their own needs to meet with new high yielding varieties. 4. Processing systems of each previate rice mills surveyed could be classified into three categories, depending upon whether the systems posessed such components as precleaner and paddy separator or not. Only 36.7 percent of mills was installed with both precleanr ad paddy seperrator, 5.0 percent of mills did have neither percleaner nor paddy seperator, and rest of them equipped only one of the two. Hence,it is needed for about 63% of rice miils to be supplemented with these basic facilities to meet with the requirements for the standaized system. 5. Actual milling capacity measured at each field rice mills was shown a wide variation, having range from about 190 to 1,210 kg/hr. The percentages of mills classified according to daily milling capacity based on this hourly capacity were 24.3% for the capacity less than 3 M/T a day; 20.0% for 3-4 M/T; 15.6% for 4-5 M/T; 6.7% for 5-6 M/T; 22.3% for 6-7 M/T; and 11.0% for more than 7 M/T a day. 6. Actual amount of rice processed was about 310 M/T a year in average. About 42% of total milled rice was processed during October to Decembear, which formed a peak demand period for rice mills. The amount of rice milled during January to May was relatively small, but it had still a large amount compared to that during June to September. 7. Utilization rate of milling facility, i. e., percentage of the actual amount of milled rice to the capacity of rice mills, was about 18% on the year round average, about 41% in the peak demand season, and about 10% during June to September. Average number of operating days for mills surveyed was about 250 days a year, and about 21 days a month. 8. Moisture contents of paddy at the time of field mill tests were ranged 14.5% to 19.5% for both Japonica and Tong-i] varieties, majority of paddy grains having moisture level much higher than 1530. To aviod potential reduction of milling recovery while milling and deterioration of milled rice while storage due to these high grain mJisture contents, it may be very important for farmers holding rice to dry by an artificial drying method. 9. Milling recovery of JapJnica varieties in rice mills was 75.0% in average and it was widely ranged from 69.0% to 78.0 % according to mills. Potential increase in milJing recovery of Japonica variety with improvement of mill facilities was estimated to about 1.9%. On the other hand, milling recovery of Tong-il varieties in the field mill tests was 69.8% in average and it ranged from 62% to 77 %, which is much wider than that of Japonica varieties. It is noticed that the average milling recovery of Tong-il variety of 69.8% was much less than that of the Japonica-type. It was estimated th3.t up to about 5.0% of milling recovery for Tong-il variety could be improved by improving the present lo'.ver graded milling technology. 10. Head rice recoveries, as a factor of representing the quality of commercial goods, of Japonica and Tong-il varieties were 65.9% and 53.8% in average, and they were widely ranged from 52% to 73% and from 44% to 65% , respectively. It was assessed that head rice recovery of Japonica varieties can be improved up 3.3% and that of Tong-il varieties by 7.0% by improving mill components and systems.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.136-143
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• 2016

To provide a type approval test for Ballast Water Treatment System (BWTS) of United States Coast Guard (USCG) Phase-II, this study examined the concentrating efficiency of nets for ${\geq}10{\mu}m$ and ${\leq}50{\mu}m$ sized phytoplanktonic organisms using different mesh sized nets ($5{\mu}m$ or $7{\mu}m$), different injection methods (hand breaker as semi-continuous assessment or pump as continuous assessment), and different filterability for the water volume. As a result of the t-test, the net concentrated efficiency between $5{\mu}m$ and $7{\mu}m$ mesh size was not significant (p > 0.05). The difference in the net concentrated efficiency for filtered natural water volume was not significant (p > 0.05). On the other hand, the Chl.a concentration in the continuous water injection method was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of semi-continuous water injection (t-test: t: -4.058). In the natural phytoplankton community, a total of 36 species were identified, including Bacillariophyta (17 species), Dinophyta (15 species), Euglenophyta (1 species), Dictyochophyta (2 species), and unidentified taxa (1 species). Among them, diatom Pseudo-nitzchia spp. was remarkably dominant. In particular, the net concentrated efficiency in all assessments was underestimated to be approximately 20-25%, which was caused by the small size Pseudo-nitzchia spp.. A width size of these genus might have passed through the $5{\mu}m$ or $7{\mu}m$ mesh size of the net. Therefore, net concentrated efficiency is dependent on the size of the observed species in natural water. This issue should be considered when determining the net volume for the type approval test of BWTS.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.483-489
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• 2016

The type approval test for USCG Phase II must be satisfied such that living natural biota occupy more than 75 % of whole biota in a test tank. Thus, we harvested a community of natural organisms using a net at Masan Bay (eutrophic) and Jangmok Bay (mesotrophic) during winter season to meet this guideline. Furthermore, cell viability was measured to determine the mortality rate. Based on the organism concentration volume (1 ton) at Masan and Jangmok Bay, abundance of ${\geq}10$ and $<50{\mu}m$ sized organisms was observed to be $4.7{\times}10^4cells\;mL^{-1}$and $0.8{\times}10^4cells\;mL^{-1}$, and their survival rates were 90.4 % and 88.0 %, respectively. In particular, chain-forming small diatoms such as Skeletonema costatum-like species were abundant at Jangmok Bay, while small flagellate ($<10{\mu}m$) and non chain-forming large dinoflagellates, such as Akashiwo sanguinea and Heterocapsa triquetra, were abundant at Masan Bay. Due to the size-difference of the dominant species, concentration efficiency was higher at Jangmok Bay than at Masan Bay. The mortality rate in samples treated by Ballast Water Treatment System (BWMS) (Day 0) was a little lower for samples from Jangmok Bay than from Masan Bay, with values of 90.4% and 93%, respectively. After 5 days, the mortality rates in control and treatment group were found to be 6.7% and >99%, respectively. Consequently, the phytoplankton concentration method alone did not easily satisfy the type approval standards of USCG Phase II ($>1.0{\times}10^3cells\;mL^{-1}$ in 500-ton tank) during winter season, and alternative options such as mass culture and/or harvesting system using natural phytoplankton communities may be helpful in meeting USCG Phase II biological criteria.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.48
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• pp.147-176
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• 2016

Korean Peninsula is surrounded by ocean on three sides. Because of this geographical quality over 97% of export and import volumes are exchange by sea. Foreign ship and international passenger vessels carries foreign tourist and globalization and internationalization increases this trends. Leisure population grows with national income increase and interest of ocean. And accidents and incidents rates are also increases. Korea Coast Guard's jurisdiction area is 4.5 times bigger than our country. The length of coastline is 14,963km including islands. One patrol vessel is responsible for 24,068km and one coast guard substation is responsible for 94km. Efficient patrol activities can not be provided. This research focus on this problem. Analyze the status and trends of maritime crime and suggest efficient patrol activities. To deal with increasing maritime crime rate this study suggest to use geographical profile method which developed early 1900s in USA. This geographical profile analyse the spatial characteristic and mapping this result. With this result potential crime zone can be predicted. One of the result is hot spot management which gives data about habitual crime zone. In Korea National Police Agency adopt this method in 2008 and apply on patrol and crime prevention activity by analysis of different criteria. Korea National Police Agency analyse the crime rate with crime type, crime zone and potential crime zone, and hourly, regionally criteria. Korea Coast Guard need to adopt this method and apply on maritime to make maritime crime map, which shows type of crime with regional, periodical result. With this geographical profiling we can set a Criminal Point which shows the place where the crime often occurs. The Criminal Points are set with the data of numerous rates such as homicide, robbery, burglary, missing, collision which happened in ocean. Set this crime as the major crime and manage the data more thoroughly. I expect to enhance the reinforcement of marine crime using this Criminal Points. Because this points will give us efficient way to prevent the maritime crime by placing the patrol vessel where they needed most.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.695-706
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• 1998

SST (Sea Surface. Temperature) fronts which were found in the South-West Sea of Korea and the northern area of the East China Sea were examined in order to clarify their positions, shapes, seasonal changes and the formation mechanism, For this study used SST data rearranged from the SST IR image during 1991 to 1996 and oceanographical data obtained by National Fisheries Research and Development Institute. Temperature front in the Cheju Strait was analyzed by the data obtained from a fisheries guidance ship of Cheju Provincial Government, The coastal frontal zone in the South-West Sea of Korea and the offshore frontal zone in the northern area of the East China Sea can be divided into several types (Type of Winter, Summer, Spring, Autumn and late Autumn), Short term variations of SST fronts have a tendency not to move to any Bleat extent for several days. The location of the frontal zone in the southwestern sea of Cheju Island changes on a much large scale than that of the one in the southern coast of Korea, The frontal Tone, formed every year in the southern sea of Korea approaches closer to the coastal area in winter, and moves closer to the south in spring and autumn. The frontal zone of the southwestern sea of Cheju Island moves in a westerly direction from the east, and reaches its most westerly point in the winter and its most easterly point in the summer related to the seasonal change of the Tsushima Current. Additionally, the frontal zone of the southwestern sea of Korea becomes extremely weak in March, April and November. SST fronts are formed every year around the line connecting Cheju Island to Yeoseo Island or to Chungsan Island in the Cheju Strait. A Ring-shaped tidal mixing front appears along the coastal area of Cheju Island throughout the year except during the months from November to January. Especially, in May and October fronts are formed between the coastal waters of Cheju Island and the Tsushima currents connecting the frontal zone of the coastal region in the southern sea of Korea with that of the southwestern sea of Cheju Island.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.247-259
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• 1993

The fishing experiment was carried out by the training ship Saebada in order to analyse the mesh selectivity for trawl cod-end, in the Southern Korea Sea and the East China Sea from June. 1991 through August, 1992. The trawl cod-end used in this experiment has the trouser type of cod-end with cover net. and the mesh selectivity was examined for the five kinds of the opening of mesh in its cod-end part. A total of 163 hauls, of which having mesh size 51.2mm ; A 89, 70.2mm ; B 54, 77.6mm ; C 55, 88.0mm ; D 52 and 111.3mm ; E 20 were used respectively. Selection curves and selection parameters were calculated by using a logistic function, S=1/(1+exp super(-(aL+b)) ). The mesh election master curves were estimated by S=1/(1+exp super(-[a(L/M)+$\beta$]) ). and the optimum mesh size were calculated with (L/M) sub(50) of master curve. In these cases 'a' and '$\alpha$' are slope, 'b' and '$\beta$' are intercept. 'L' is body length of the target species of fishes, 'M' is the mesh size, and 'S' denotes mesh selectivity. In this report, the four species of compressed form fishes were taken analized according to fish shape, and 'S' denotes mesh selectivity. In this report, the four species of compressed form fishes were taken analized according to fish shape, and the results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. Red seabream Pagrus major(Temminct et Schlegel) and yellow porgy Dentex tumifrons(Temminct et Schlegel) ; Selection rate in each mesh size of A, B, C, D and E were 99.7%, 97.5%, 91.4%, 76.7% and 57.8% respectively. Selection parameters 'a' and 'b' of mesh sizes C, D and E were 2.65 and -28.62, 4.40 and -77.73, 2.31 and -46.99, and their selection factors were 1.39, 2.10, 1.83 respectively. Selection parameters of master curve '$\alpha$' and '$\beta$' were 3.05 and -5.65 respectively, and (L/M) sub(50) was 1.85. The optimum mesh size of Red seabream was 141mm. 2. Filefish Thamnaconus modestus (Gunther) ; Selection rate in each mesh size of A, B, C, D and E were 99.6%, 98.3%, 91.2%, 80.0% and 48.6% respectively. Selection parameters 'a' and 'b' of mesh sizes C, D and E were 5.82 and -55.10, 2.92 and -36.90, 3.91 and -63.09, and their selection factors were 1.35, 1.44, 1.45 respectively. Selection parameters of master curve '$\alpha$' and '$\beta$' were 3.02 and -4.32 respectively, and (L/M) sub(50) was 1.43. The optimum mesh size was 129mm. 3. Target dory Zeus faber Valenciennes ; Selection rate in each mesh size of A, B, C, D and E were 99.7%, 100%, 83.2%, 91.6% and 65.0% respectively. Selection parameters 'a' and 'b' of mesh sizes C, D and E were 3.85 and -32.46, 4.19 and -57.38, 2.45 and -40.03, and their selection factors were 1.09, 1.56, 1.47 respectively. Selection parameters of master curve '$\alpha$' and '$\beta$' were 2.64 and -3.53 respectively, and (L/M) sub(50) was 1.34. The optimum mesh size was 127mm. 4. Butterfish Psenopsis anomala (Temminct et Schlegel) ; Selection rate in each mesh size of A, B, C, D and E were 99.2%, 34.1%, 46.5%, 14.3% and 2.4% respectively. Selection parameters 'a' and 'b' of mesh sizes B, C and D were 5.35 and -71.70, 5.07 and -69.25, 3.31 and -62.06 and their selection factors were 1.91, 1.75, 2.13 respectively. Selection parameters of master curve '$\alpha$' and '$\beta$' were 3.16 and -6.24 respectively, and (L/M) sub(50) was 1.98. The optimum mesh size was 71mm.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.98-109
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• 2017

The results of this study attempting to graft to the space by cognizing and categorizing the characteristic of the under-toned private property to the tablets of the Zhuozhengyuan are as follows. The tablet of Zhuozhengyuan was typed into three groups. In the A group, the frequency of artificial elements including the top, ship, and head was high, and the main emphasis was on the elegance and integrity spirit that the Sunbi(classical scholar) had to have. It has a characteristic of good architects such as pavilion and Nu(樓) is included and as it is adjacent to the water surface the one side of the building is integrated to the water surface. The B group is characterized mainly by the fact that the scenery is portrayed through the climatic factors including rain, wind, and snow, or the scene atmosphere and it is located at the top of the summit which is good for viewing the scenery. In the C group, plant elements such as lotus, magnolia, plum, and bamboo appeared frequently, and various buildings such as pavilion, Kwan(館), Gak(閣) and Dang(堂) belong to this structure. The structure has the characteristic of integrating directly with the water surface or putting the terrace between and scattering throughout the whole garden. Furthermore, this study identified area characteristics based on the frequency of the tablet type. In the west area, Group A is mostly distributed and the humor and concept implied in the tablet, combined with the shape and location of the scenery, viewpoint of the viewer, and the composition of the landscape, improved the orderliness of the space, which led to expand the scope of the enjoyment to the entire space. Meanwhile, in the middle area, tablets of Group C are mostly distributed, and the unique characteristics and shapes of the woody plants that were used as the name of the tablet were connected with various buildings including pavilion, Dang, Kuan, and Gak, improving the unique identity of the space and forming connection with the world of ideas through unity and independence.