• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.122-127
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• 2003

Purpose: The incidence rate and the mortality rate of gastric cancer have decreased in developed countries over the last several decades. On the other hand, they remain high in far eastern countries such as Korea, Japan, China and in many developing countries. The cure of patients with gastric carcinomas can be achieved mostly through complete surgical resection, but most gastric cancer patients are in advanced stages when diagnosed and have poor prognoses. therefore, the development of an effective systemic therapy is essential for far advanced gastric cancer patients. Until recently, the most commonly used combination chemotherapy was based on 5-flurouracil or cisplatin, but the results were not satisfactory, so recently etoposide, adriamycin and cisplatin (EAP-II) combination chemotherapy was introduced in patients with advanced gastric cancer. Early studies showed a high response rate and the ability to convert unresectable cases to resectable ones, but later studies couldn't duplicate the result. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the relative efficacy & toxicity of EAP-II chemotherapy and ELF chemotherapy which is based on 5-flurouracil. Materials and Methods: Between July 1992 and July 2002, sixty-five patients with inoperable advanced gastric cancer were enrolled for this study. Thirty-seven patient received EAP-II chemotherapy:etoposide (20 mg/$m^{2}$ IV for $1\∼5 days$), adriamycin (20 mg/$m^{2}$ IV for $1\∼5 days$) and cisplatin (20 mg/$m^{2}$ IV for $1\∼5 days$) and Twenty-eight patients receieved ELF chemotherapy : etoposide (100 mg/$m^{2}$ IV for $1\∼3 days$), leucovorin (20 mg/$m^{2}$ IV for $1\∼5 days$) and 5-FU (500 mg/$m^{2}$ IV for $1\∼5 days$). Each treatment schedule for each group was repeated every four weeks: EAP-II means 3.4 cycles per patient..ELF means 4.1 cycles per patient Results: Total respones rates were $5.4\%$ in the ELF group and $3.6\%$ in the EAP group (P-value>0.05). The median times to progression were 144 days in the ELF group and 92 days in the EAP-II group (P-value<0.05), and themedian overall survival times were 189 days in the ELF group and 139 days in the EAP-II group (P-value>0.05). The difference in the survival curves for the two regimens was not statistically significant. Non-hematologic toxicitis & hematologic toxicitis were more frequently observed for the EAP-II regimen. Anemia: $27.6\%$ in ELF vs $54\%$ in EAP-II; Leukopenia: $8.5\%$ in ELF vs $19\%$ in EAP-II; nausea & vomiting: $45.9\%$ in ELF vs $67.8\%$ in EAP-II. Conclusion: EAP-II regimen is not superior to ELF regimen in the tratment of inoperable advanced gastric cancer (J Korean Gastric Cancer Assoc 2003;3:122-127)

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.481-486
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• 2008

Purpose : The aims of this study were to test the efficacy of vapocoolant spray to decrease the symptoms associated with pain in newborns undergoing heel stick and intramuscular injection and compare the pain relief effect of oral glucose. Methods : Randomized, controlled study including sixty newborns undergoing heel stick and intramuscular injection. Group 1 was heelsticked, Group 2 was intramuscular injected, Group A did not recieve any treatment, Group B recieved 30% glucose solution orally, Group C was applied vapocoolant spray symptoms and signs associated with pain at heel stick and intramuscular injection were measured with the premature Infant Pain Profile (PIPP) scale. Results : There was no significant difference in the PIPP score between intramuscular injected group control and heel stick group control (P=0.07). The mean PIPP score of Group 1A (control) $10.6{\pm}2.4$, Group 1B $5.5{\pm}2.0$, Group 1C $5.2{\pm}1.8$. The mean PIPP score 1B and 1C were significantly lower than control (1B P<0.001, 1C P<0.001). The mean PIPP score of Group 2A (control) $12.5{\pm}1.4$, Group 2B $7.0{\pm}1.7$, Group 2C $6.4{\pm}1.6$. The mean PIPP score 2B and 2C were significantly lower than control (2B P<0.001, 2C P<0.001). Conclusion : The antinociceptive effect of vapocoolant sparay is as effective as 30% oral glucose solution for pain control. So this study support the use of vapocoolant spray for reducing pain during painful procedure in the neonatal intensive care units.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2018

In this study, we examined the efficacy of the immune regulation of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan and Lactobacillus plantarum LM1004 on atopic dermatitis models. The oral administration of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan and L. plantarum LM1004 on mice significantly decreased the amount of scratching, leakage to evans blue, and concentrations of serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) and histamine compared with the atopic dermatitis - induced group. When atopic dermatitis was induced, the transcription factors (GATA-3, retinoic acid-related orphan receptor ${\gamma}$ T [$ROR{\gamma}T$]) and cytokines (interleukin-4 [IL-4], IL-17) of Th2 and Th17 cells were overexpressed at the transcriptional level, and they significantly decreased with oral administration of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan and L. plantarum LM1004. In addition, ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan and L. plantarum LM1004 were shown to modulate the immune balance by increasing the expression of Th1 and Treg transcription (T-bet, forkhead box p3 [Foxp3]) and cytokines (interferon-${\gamma}$ [IFN-${\gamma}$], transforming growth factor-${\beta}$ [TGF-${\beta}$]). Galectin-9 and filaggrin were significantly lower in the atopic dermatitis - induced group and significantly higher in the ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan-treated group. In contrast, thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) was highest in the atopic dermatitis-induced group, while mice that were orally administered ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan and L. plantarum LM1004 showed similar TSLP levels to the control group. These results indicate that ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan and L. plantarum LM1004 have immunomodulatory effects and atopic dermatitis improvement effects in an animal model of atopic dermatitis. Therefore, it is expected that ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan and L. plantarum LM1004 can be used as natural materials in the treatment of atopic dermatitis.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.196-204
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the in vivo and in vitro inhibitory effect of a traditional herbal complex (HC) extract prepared from a mixture of four oriental herbs (Dioscorea Rhizoma, Glycine soja Sieb. et Zucc, Bombycis corpus, Fermented Glycine soja) that have been widely used for the treatment and prevention of diabetes mellitus on hyperglycemia. The water extract of HC showed potent inhibitory effect on $\alpha$-glucosidase with $IC_{50}$ value of 1.24 mg/mL. Additionally, the ethanol extract of HC was also found to exhibit significant inhibitory effect against protein tyrosine phosphatase $1{\beta}$ ($PTP1{\beta}$), which is known as a major regulator of both insulin and leptin signaling. In the $PTP1{\beta}$ inhibitory assay, the most active n-hexane fraction obtained from the ethanol extract of HC, was identified as a mixture of fatty acid derivatives by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). In high-fat diet-low dose streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat, the water extract of HC improved the oral glucose intolerance as compared with rosiglitazone. HC also caused a marked decrease of body weight and fasting blood glucose and a significant improvement on glucose tolerance in metabolic syndrome mice model. These findings support that this traditional HC may be useful in the control of blood glucose in diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to examine the radiolabeling and biodistribution of $^{188}Re(V)$-DMSA as a therapeutic cancer radiopharmaceutical. We made a DMSA kit($NaHCO_3$ 1.5 mg, meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid 1.0 mg, L(+)-ascorbic acid 0.7 mg, $SnCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$ 0.34 mg, pH 2.9) for labeling with $^{188}Re$. In this kit, $^{188}ReO_4{^-}$ 5 mCi/2 ml added and boiled at $100^{\circ}C$ for 3 hr in water bath. The final pH adjusted to 7.5 with 7% $NaHCO_3$ solution. We checked the labelling efficacy with TLC-SG(n-butanol : acetic acid : $H_2O$ = 3 : 2 : 3) and examined the stability both in room temperature and in serum at $37^{\circ}C$. Biodistribution(1, 3, 13, 24, 48 hr) of $^{188}Re(V)$-DMSA compound was evaluated in Sarcoma 180 tumor-bearing mice. Each labeling efficiency and stability at room temperature for 48 hours was over 98% and 95%, respectively. The stability in serum were 82%(6 hr) and 85%(48 hr). Tumor uptake of $^{188}Re(V)$-DMSA in Sarcoma 180-bearing mice were $0.66{\pm}0.15%$(1 hr), $0.51{\pm}0.10%$(3 hr), $0.19{\pm}0.05%$(24 hr) and $0.13{\pm}0.02%$(48 hr). These result are consistent with those of $^{99m}Tc(V)$-DMSA which were reported previously. In conclusion, $^{188}Re(V)$-DMSA may be a useful therapeutic radiopharmaceutical for treating some cancers and metastatic bone lesion.

• Asian Journal of Turfgrass Science
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2005

Creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) had been the problematic weed for Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) fairway since it shows light green color all year. Experiment was carried out to determine the best herbicides combination to control creeping bentgrass in Kentucky bluegrass. fairway without injury. To investigate the efficacy of herbicides, five post-emergence herbicides of asulam WG ($87.6\%$), imazaquin SL ($20\%$), fenoxaprop-P-ethyl EC ($7\%$), mecoprop SL ($50\%$), triclopyr-TEA SL ($30\%$) and one pre-emergence herbicide pendimethalin EC ($31.7\%$) treated on 21 Sept. and 10 Nov. 2003. Kentucky bluegrass visual quality evaluated 30 and 50 days after application for phytotoxic effects of the herbicides. As a result, asulam WG (0.2g/$m^{2}$) and imazaquin SL (0.3ml/$m^{2}$) showed approximately $90\%$ of control in creeping bentgrass, but visual quality of Kentucky bluegrass significantly decreased from 20 to 50DAT (day after treatment). However, creeping bentgrass was acceptably controlled(over $80\%$) by fenoxaprop-P-ethyl EC (0.4ml/$m^{2}$)+triclopyr-TEA SL(0.3 ml/$m^{2}$) applied twice on 21 Sept. and 1 Oct. 2003 without serious injury on Kentucky bluegrass. Therefore, it is suggested that an application of fenoxaprop-P-ethyl EC (0.4ml/ $m^{2}$)+triclopyr-TEA SL (0.3 ml/$m^{2}$) may be more effective to control creeping bentgrass in Kentucky bluegrass with the least phytotoxicity by herbicides.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2015

CpBV (Cotesia plutellae bracovirus) is a polydnavirus and encodes a cystatin (CpBV-CST1) gene. Its overexpression suppresses insect immunity and alters insect developmental processes. This study aimed to construct a genetically modified (GM) tobacco to further explore the physiological function of the viral cystatin and to apply to control insect pests. To this end, the transgenic tobacco lines were screened in expression of the target gene and assessed in insecticidal activity. A recombinant vector (pBI121-CST) was prepared and used to transform a bacterium, Agrobacterium tumefasciens. The transformed bacteria were used to generate transgenic tobacco lines, which were induced to grow callus and resulted in about 92% of shoot regeneration. The regenerated plants were screened by PCR analysis to confirm the insertion of the target gene in the plant genome. In addition, the expression of the target gene was assessed in the regenerated plants by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). The qRT-PCR analysis showed that the transgenic line plant expressed the target gene about 17 times more than the control tobacco, indicating a stable insertion and expression of the target gene in the transgenic tobacco line. The insecticidal activity was then analyzed using the screened transgenic tobacco lines against the teneral 1st instar larvae of the oriental tobacco budworm, Helicoverpa assulta. Though there was a variation in the insecticidal efficacy among transgenic lines, T9 and T12 lines exhibited more than 95% mortality at 7 days after feeding treatment. These results suggest that CpBV-CST1 is a useful genetic resource to be used to generate GM crop against insect pests.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.249-258
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• 2018

Airborne pollution causes oxidative damage, inflammation, and premature aging of skin. Resveratrol is a polyphenol compound that has various biological activities such as antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and anti-melanogenic activities but it is unstable to heat and light. Resveratryl triacetate (RTA) is a new cosmetic ingredient that is more stable than resveratrol and its skin safety and whitening efficacy have been reported previously. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of resveratrol and resveratryl triacetate (RTA) on the inflammatory responses of human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) exposed to airborne particulate matters with a diameter of < $10{\mu}m$ (PM10). Cultured HEKs were exposed to PM10 in the absence or presence of resveratrol and RTA. Assays were undertaken to determine cell viability, the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the expression of inflammatory cytokines. PM10 treatment decreased cell viability, and increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ($IL-1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-8 (IL-8). Resveratrol and RTA reduced cell death and ROS production induced by PM10. PM10-induced mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokines was either attenuated (IL-6), or enhanced ($IL-1{\beta}$), or unaffected ($TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-8) by resveratrol and RTA. PM10-induced IL-6 protein expression was attenuated by resveratrol and RTA. This study suggests that resveratrol and RTA have activities regulating cell damage and inflammatory responses of the skin exposed to airborne particulate matters.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 2007

This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC) for the prevention of postoperative uterus and ovary adhesion formation in the Korean black goats. Twenty adult female Korean black goats randomly were divided into five groups with four animals in each group. After the routine laparotomy, catheter for injection was inserted into the abdomen. Before abdominal closure, saline, 1% SCMC, 2% SCMC or 0.4% HA solution (50ml/10kg of body weight/head) were injected in the abdominal cavity in each group. Three weeks after surgery, second laparotomy was performed and the adhesions were scored on a scale of 0 to 10 according to their vascularity and adhesion size in uterus and ovary. This trial was repeated the four times with the interval of three weeks. In the first and second trial, the group treated with 2% SCMC significantly reduced the adhesion formation than other treatment groups (P<0.05). In the third trial, the adhesion formation was significantly reduced in 2% SCMC and 1% SCMC (P<0.05). In the fourth trial, 2% SCMC reduced the adhesion formation. However, there was no significant difference among other groups. This study showed that the 2% SCMC administered at the end of the surgery reduced the adhesion formation in the Korean black goats.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 1998

Purpose : To study whether a low protein diet increase the efficacy of antihypertensive therapy on the progression of renal failure, we conducted an experimental study using 5/6 nephrectomized rats(n=63). Methods : At 7 days after surgery, rats were randomly assigned to three groups according to receiving antihypertensive drug: no antihypertensive drug (U), enalapril (E), and nicardipine (N), respectively and fed a low protein diet (6$\%$ protein). Proteinuria, mesangial matrix expansion score and glomerular volume were assessed at 4, 12 and 16 weeks after renal ablation. Results : Group U rats on a low protein diet developed progressive hypertension ($140{\pm}8,\;162{\pm}5,\;171{\pm}5\;and\;184{\pm}11\;mmHg$ at 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks) which were controlled by E and N. Group U rats on a low protein diet developed proteinuria ($74{\pm}15\;mg/day$ at 16 weeks) which were decreased by E ($42{\pm}12 mg/day$) or N ($48{\pm}8 mg/day$) (p<0.05). Mesangial matrix expansion score and glomerular volume were not different between groups U, E and N on a low protein diet regardless of the antihypertensive drugs administered. Conclusion : A low protein diet did not affect blood pressure. Enalapril and nicardipine-treated rats on a low protein diet did not have different mesangial matrix expansion and glomerular volumes from rats on a low protein diet at 12 weeks and 16 weeks, in spite of the better controlling of systemic hypertension and lessening of proteinuria. Thus, combined treatment with a low protein diet and antihypertensive drugs didn't appear to show any addition,11 effects to attenuate glomerular injury.