• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.27
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• pp.247-282
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to examine the mobile phone service usage patterns of Korean teenagers and their motivation to use it, and to explore the relationships between the teenagers' social-psychological characteristics and their trails of mobile phone usage. After reviewing prior theoretical studios, three hypotheses regarding the research questions shown above were generated. Questionnaire study was conducted with 400 high school students in Busan and Ulsan metropolitan areas. They were to answer three categories of questions, such as frequencies of voice calls and text messaging services and the other mobile services, questions asking their social-psychological characteristics, and their motivations for using mobile phone services. Findings show that the teenagers more likely to tend to use voice calls when communicating family members. They tend to avoid those services with high rate of use as multimedia, game, and broadcasting services via mobile phones. The teenagers use mobile phone services for the similar purposes to conventional telephone uses. Therefore, the classical theories showing the alternative purposes or motivations to use conventional telephone usage, which divided the main purposes for phone uses in to two; work/instrumental and socializing/entertaining, proved to be reasonable. The cheap messaging services with texts are popular among the teenagers and are used for socializing/entertaining purposes rather than instrumental/functional purposes. In addition, the teenagers' social-psychological characteristicss are significantly associated with the amount of mobile phone uses. A characteristic of "individual-centeredness" is positively related with non-voice service uses, while "group-centeredness" explains heavy amount of using voice calls and text messaging services. Such characteristics as "immediacy," "directness," "innovativeness," and "other-direction" are positively associated with the frequencies and amounts of mobile phone uses, while "inner-direction" and "tradition-direction" are negatively correlated.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.83 no.3
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• pp.286-298
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• 1994

The object of this study was to examine the user's impacts on the environmental deteriorations of trail at Ticket Office - Paekryunsa (Temple) Hyangch$\hat{o}$kpong - Dongyupryung - Chilyun Fall area in T$\hat{o}$kyusan National Park. Four trails were sampled in the study area according to the amount of users. Then the user's impacts on trail were measured at each trail. The Ticket Office-Paekryunsa trail was the most used district and followed at Paekryunsa-Hyangch$\hat{o}$kpong trail, Hyangch$\hat{o}$kpong-Dongyupryung trail in descending order. Dongyupryung-Chilyun Fall trail is not used by people because of rest rotation system. The entire width of trail was greater at the more heavily used trail. Maximum depth, cross-sectional area loss, and surface texture and roughness of trail were the highest at Paekryunsa-Hyangch$\hat{o}$kpong trail. Soil hardness, soil acidity, soil moisture content, organic matter content, and exchange canon were influenced by trampling. Soil hardness, soil acidity and exchange canon increased in tramples soil, but content of soil moisture and organic matter decreased therein. Environmental deteriorations of trail were significantly influenced by the amount of users and the slope of trail. Bared lands about $2.000m^2$ were appeared by trampling and camping around Hyangch$\hat{o}$kpong. Effects of carrying of rest rotation system for National Park were partly recognized at Dongyupryung-Chilyun Fall trail.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 1984

Present study was carried out to estimate phenotypic and genetic parameters influencing body weight (BW) at 4 weeks of age egg breadth (EB), egg length(EL), egg shape index (SI) and egg weight (EW) at 32 weeks of age and egg numbers (EN) up to 38 weeks of age in broiler male and female lines. The data were collected from closed White Plymouth Rock (female line; G) and Cornish (male line; C) flocks involving 1193 pullets from 211 dams and 48 sires in 1982. The results obtained are summarized as follow: 1. General performance for various trails of lines C and G. The means and standard deviations of BW, EB, EL, SI, EW and EN were 668.34${\pm}$47.18, 4.23${\pm}$0,11, 5.49 ${\pm}$0.19, 77.06${\pm}$2.98, 55.73${\pm}$3.54 and 59.72${\pm}$13.39 in line C, respectively and 487.89${\pm}$ 41.43, 4.22${\pm}$0.11, 5.51${\pm}$0.19, 76.72${\pm}$3.20, 55.43${\pm}$3.26 and 76.93${\pm}$12.17 in line G, respectively. 2. Heritability Heritabilities were estimated from sire, dam and combined components. Estimates for BW, EB, EL, SI, EW and EN from combined components were 0.30, 0.29, 0,40, 0.22, 0.45 and 0.60 in line C, respectively and 0.33, 0.23, 0.28, 0.13, 0.49 and. 0.33 in line G, respectively. 3. Correlation Genetic and phenotypic correlations showed similar trend in line C and G. Genetic correlations, estimated EW with EB and EL, were high and positive (line C; 0.99, 0.75, respectively and line G; 0.94, 0.82, respectively), also correlation of EB with EL was 0.58 (both lines; 0.58). High and negative genetic correlations were shown between SI and EL in line C and G (-0.70, -0.65, respectively). Genetic correlations between SI and EW were relatively low and negative in line C and G (-0.11, -0.19, respectively) and between SI and EN were relatively low and positive in line C and G (0.25, 0.17, respectively). Between other traits, low genetic correlations were shown in both lines, High and positive correlation was estimated between hatchability and egg shape index and polynomial regression of egg shape index on hatchability was estimated; Y=-216.77＋7.6216X-0.0146939X$^2$.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.262-266
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• 2016

We investigated the characteristic demographics for visitors to Mujechi bog on Mt. Jungjok, with the purpose of developing a management strategy for the conservation and wise use of the montane wetland. Using daily visitor data from 2007, 2011, and 2015 we extracted and analyzed; visitation date, age, residential areas, purpose of visitation and the time allotted for the visit. The largest age cohort was the decade of the fifties(36.8%/total number of visitors) and followed by the decade of the forties(30.4%). The majority of visitors were from Ulsan(67%), Busan(16.6%), and Yangsan(10.8%). The visitors' primary objectives were to hike Mt. Jungjok(39-64.4%) or view Mujechi bog(18.7-51.8%) during the weekend. People visited more during the weekend than weekdays(F=6.19, p<0.002). In addition, there was a clear seasonality obvious in the monthly visits. The proportion of visitors were present in spring and fall, the month with the highest visitation rate was May at $15.6{\pm}2.8%$($mean{\pm}S.D.$). This increase in May was partly due to the desire to see the Korean azalea in bloom in the spring. Montane bog, like Mujechi, could be highly affected by disturbance(e.g. stamping, sediment inflow) caused by visitors. Therefore, it is suggested, based on the level of visitation that to reduce possible human disturbance effects, that either a seasonal restriction or a yearly alternation of trails be established. Visitors to the wetland should be restricted access to certain areas of the wetland, or be required to go in the accompaniment of a ranger or warden.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.92-102
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• 2020

The followings are the landscape preference aspects from the 816 landscapes(景, Kyung), which comprise the 78 modern Palkyungs, presented by the 78 local governments in Korea. First, the natural environment elements selected as Kyung(景), which are topographical landscapes, mostly consist of mountain elements such as mountains, terrace(臺), rocks and stones and water elements classified as rivers, oceans, and lakes. Natural elements also include old-growth and giant trees such as pines, ginkgos, Japanese cornels and fringe trees, tree-lined streets and forests, and plant elements such as azaleas, rhododendrons, lotuses, reeds, and silver grasses which provide seasonal landscapes. Second, more than half of Kyung, selected as human environment elements, are historical and cultural heritages such as graveyards, mountain fortresses, town fortresses, traditional villages, pavilion in villas, and temples. And it is followed by leisure tourism facilities such as traditional markets, exhibition halls, theme parks, beaches, and food streets, green-based structures such as trails, plazas, parks, and botanical gardens, and industrial heritages such as ranches, abandoned coal mines, stations, ports and bridges. Third, modern Palkyungs include objects not related to the views such as local representative facilities, regional products, and festivals. Fourth, although most of the modern Palkyungs consist of eight, some include 20, 38, or 100 in order to increase the number of objects of public relations. Fifth, a certain local government makes two modern Palkyungs with different subjects by introducing traditional Palkyung and modern Palkyung altogether. In this case, it presents several modern Palkyungs like by selecting Palkyungs in a limited area. Furthermore, one Palkyung includes numerous place names at a time in some cases. Sixth, Sosangjeonhyeong(瀟湘典型)-style modern Palkyung uses 'NakAn(落雁)' as the name of Kyung. Sosangyusahyeong(瀟湘類似型)-style modern Palkyung expresses 'Hyojong(曉鐘)' and landscape of glow of the setting sun, sunset, night view, dawn, sunrise and depicts cloud, sunset, moon, and snow. There are many Myeongsocheheomhyeong(名所體驗型)-style Palkyungs exhibiting the behavior of tourism and Myeongseunghyeong(名勝型)-style Palkyungs raising the awareness only by the names of the places. Seventh, modern Palkyung's naming styles are diverse, such as using only four letters instead of specifying Kyungmul(景物) or Kyungsaek(景色) in combination with Chinese characters or adding modifiers specializing in places.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.62-74
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• 2010

This study aims to examine what factors citizens value in urban parks and green spaces in terms of usage and aesthetic value and to find ways to deal with the changing patterns of user satisfaction for these various green elements. To achieve this, the study developed a dynamic model employing a transactional approach to evaluate environmental quality for 1999 and 2007 in Anyang City as well as a conceptual model of parks and greens satisfaction. This study relied on an empirical study method including the 1999 and 2007 green conditional survey and citizen questionnaires totaling 573 in the year 1999 and 982 in the year 2007. As a result, first, the factor 'urban parks' is the most important factor and 'cityscape' is the second most important factor in parks and greens satisfaction(PGS). Second, PGS in turn causes environmental quality satisfaction(EQS), which is related to two items--'urban livability' and 'aesthetic quality'--in the model. This means that PGS is the intervening variable of urban livability. Third, the factor analysis resulted in six factors: cityscape, urban green, linear facilities, urban parks, riverside green, and urban forest. 'Riverside green' emerged as a factor in 2007 as a result of public participation in the 'Anyang River Revitalization Project'. Fourth, through a transactional view, the environmental changes result in either a change in or stability of public attitude. The levels of satisfaction were elevated but patterns of satisfied-unsatisfied items remained unchanged for most factors. The perception of riverside a greenway and linear surface facilities(pedestrian walkways, biking and jogging trails, etc.) have changed positively. PGS changed significantly in 2007, as a result of urban events and development, including parks, rivers and greenways which were built through the joint effort of the local government and civic participation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.243-256
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• 2007

The purpose of this paper is aimed at identifying the planting condition of greenbelt axis covering forests located at Sinhyeon-eup, Geoje-si and also establishing improvement plans for the ecological organization. The study was executed with buffer green space designed to mitigate noise, which is located at a halfway point linking Mt. Yukkyo(altitude of 50m) and Mt. Jungmae(altitude of 131m). The number of the biotope patterns was classified into 17 in total: the two are urbanized districts such as a townified district and streets and another 15 are greenbelts and open space such as forest biotope, inland water biotope, and landscaping tree plantations biotope. According to the analysis of biotope types, it was estimated that the making use of already established buffer greens as a linking medium with a foothold of Mt. Yukkyo and Jungmae, whose natural eco-system is well suited for habitation of living organism, is the one and only way to the influx of living organism into the downtown area. The green coverage rate of the base green area, sub-base green area and linkage green area was 160.29%, 128.37% and 44.37% respectively; the green capacity coefficient(i.e. GVZ[$Gr{\ddot{u}}nvolumezahl$]) for base green area, sub-base green area and linkage green area was $4.04m^3/m^2,\;3.95m^3/m^2\;and\;0.65m^3/m^2$ respectively. The base green area has constituted multi-layered vegetation structure and thus played a role as habitats for living organism and supply centre of species, whereas the sub-base green area has destroyed lower layer vegetation, and the linkage green area was in bad shape due to the lack of planting volume and damage of the shrub layer. Accordingly, this research paper intended to suggest detailed implementation plans for the improvement in landscape for city dwellers' use and relaxation; in other words, this paper focused on ecological build-up for the Influx of wild birds into the downtown area for the promotion of bio-diversity of species through the linkage of base green areas and the fostering of nature observing trails for citizens as well as the connecting of green areas through the build-up of roadside greens to make these green areas to be efficiently used as corridors for the influx of wild birds and bio-organism habitation and for citizens' using space.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.266-274
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to analyze the number of visitors to the top of Seoseokdae in Mudeungsan National Park, in which visitors are concentrated, and their visiting patterns, thereby suggesting measures to manage the visitors. The number of annual visitors and the numbers of regional and seasonal visitors to Mudeungsan National Park, which affect the concentration of visits to Seoseokdae were analyzed using the data produced by an automatic digitizing device. A field study was conducted to examine the number of seasonal and periodic visitors to Seoseokdae and their visiting patterns. In 2015, the number of visitors was 2,563,651 and 83.9% of the visitors visited via the Jeungsimsa and Wonhyosa area that is near Gwangju City. This area is close to the Seoseokdae area and it is easy to hike between the areas. Therefore, there was an influx of most visitors to Seoseokdae into the Jeungsimsa and Wonhyosa area. In terms of seasonal visitors, the largest number of visitors came in the fall, followed by the summer, spring, and winter in order. However, the seasonal differences were not notable. There was no statistically significant correlation between the number of visitors and meteorological factors. This result may have been because Gwangju citizens frequently visit Mudeungsan regardless of period and weather. Visitors can get to Seoseokdae via the trails into Wonhyosa and Jangbuljae. A slightly larger number of visitors used the trail into Jangbuljae in the fall and winter, whereas a larger number of visitors used the trail into Wonhyosa in the summer. In general, there is a large influx of visitors into Jangbuljae, a strategic visiting point. However, a slightly larger number of visitors may have chosen the trail into Wonhyosa in the summer because they could hike under the shade of trees. In the summer, visitors stayed in Seoseokdae for a short time with a low level of crowdedness. On the other hand, in the fall and winter, visitors stayed in the area longer because they had lunch and rested. During the time, the number of momentary maximum visitors peaked, causing extreme crowdedness. Therefore, some visitors showed the visiting pattern of entering the grassland outside the designate zone. Because this behavior can damage the grassland on the top of Seoseokdae, which can lead to soil erosion, intensive visitor management may be necessary.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1996

This study was conducted to investigate the avifauna and to suggest the management discipline for the protection of bird community in Odaesan National Park. Field survey was carried over 2 main trails by line transect method from mid June to early December in 1996. The 1st section included the area from Woljongas to Sangwonsa 7km distance. The 2nd section survey started from Sangwonsa via Bukdaesa and the summit of Odaesan to Sangwonsa 9.8 km distance. The study results were as follows ; The observed birds belonged to 9 orders 22families 52species, they also had Black Woodpecker(Dryocopus martius)designated as natural monument No. 242, Chinese Sparrow Hawk(Accipiter soloensis) and Kestrel(Falco tinnunculus) as natural munumet No. 323, Scops Owl(Out scops)and Korean Wood Owl(Strix aluco) as No. 324. These birds also were classified into 25 species for residents, 16 species for summer visitors, 8 species for passage migrants, 3 species for winter visitors, respectionely. The 2nd section showed a high species richness and individuals in every season, however, had a difference in species composition with 1st section. Nesting guild of breeding bird community used highly in order of bush, hole, and canopy as a nest resources. It is suggested that high bush-nesting guild had a deep relationship with bush layer located in the ecotone of 1st section and that located in the high elevated zone in 2nd section. Hole-nesting guild such as Black Woodpecker(Dryocopus martius), Gray-headed Woodpecker(Picus canus) and Great Spotted Woodpecker(Dendrocopos major) were surveyed only in 2nd section, so it could be attribute to the small fragmentation and the growing of high diameter at breast height(D.B.H) tree in 2nd section. It is urgent that the management of camping ground and people for the conservation of brook in 1nd section, trail protection for the prevention from trail enlargement in 2nd section for the bird protection. Artificial food in snowy winter will provide the good breeding condition with the residents and migrants. And, the endeavor to lessen the habitat fragmentation will be beneficial to the birds who have a large home range such as Black Woodpecker(Dryocopus martius) and Korean Wood Owl(Strix aluco). For the control of Domestic Dove(Columba livia) populations, it could be recommended that the elimination of their nesting resources by net.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.208-220
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• 2016

Automatic Mountain Meteorology Observation System (AMOS) is an important ingredient for several climatological and forest disaster prediction studies. In this study, we select the optimal sites for AMOS in the mountain areas of Honam and Jeju in order to prevent forest disasters such as forest fires and landslides. So, this study used spatial dataset such as national forest map, forest roads, hiking trails and 30m DEM(Digital Elevation Model) as well as forest risk map(forest fire and landslide), national AWS information to extract optimal site selection of AMOS. Technical methods for optimal site selection of the AMOS was the firstly used multifractal model, IDW interpolation, spatial redundancy for 2.5km AWS buffering analysis, and 200m buffering analysis by using ArcGIS. Secondly, optimal sites selected by spatial analysis were estimated site accessibility, observatory environment of solar power and wireless communication through field survey. The threshold score for the final selection of the sites have to be higher than 70 points in the field assessment. In the result, a total of 159 polygons in national forest map were extracted by the spatial analysis and a total of 64 secondary candidate sites were selected for the ridge and the top of the area using Google Earth. Finally, a total of 26 optimal sites were selected by quantitative assessment based on field survey. Our selection criteria will serve for the establishment of the AMOS network for the best observations of weather conditions in the national forests. The effective observation network may enhance the mountain weather observations, which leads to accurate prediction of forest disasters.