• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.67-81
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• 2013

This study examined the relations among toddlers' temperament, maternal parenting, and toddlers' social withdrawal and aggression. One hundred and two mothers of two-year-old children (49 boys and 53 girls) completed questionnaires and Q-sort. Data were analyzed by correlation analyses and regression analyses. First, toddlers' pleasure was negatively related to social withdrawal, while social fearfulness was positively related to social withdrawal. Also, toddlers' activity level and anger proneness were positively related to aggression. Second, the encouragement of independence in maternal parenting was negatively linked to toddlers' social withdrawal, and maternal rejection was positively linked to toddlers' aggression. Third, toddlers' pleasure and interest/persistence were positively associated with mothers' encouragement of independence, and toddlers' activity level and anger proneness were positively associated with mothers' rejection. Finally, mothers' encouragement of independence acted as a mediator between toddlers' pleasure and social withdrawal. Also, toddlers' activity level and anger proneness influenced aggression through maternal rejection. These results indicate that toddlers' temperament and maternal parenting play crucial roles in the development of toddlers' maladaptive behaviors such as social withdrawal and aggression.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.103-124
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• 2005

This study aims to investigate and analyze how toddlers' characteristics and child care center's environments including facilities and care-givers' characteristics affect toddlers' behavior in child care center using observational methods. Total 40 toddlers in same numbers of boys and girls participated in this study. Average age of tollers were the 31.7 months ranging from 27 months to 35 months. The toddlers were observed with the observation schedule modified from observation categories of Holloway and Reichhart-Erickson(1988). Data were analysed by Pearson's correlation, t-test, one away ANOVA, Duncan Test and stepwise regression using the SPSSWIN Version. The results of the study were as follow: First, the toddlers' behaviors were related to all the toddlers' characteristics. Second, the toddlers' behaviors were related to all the characteristics of the child care facilities such as the types of facilities, the class size and the caregiver-toddler ratio. Third, the toddler' behaviors were related to caregivers' variables such as the total care experience in centers, the experience with toddler care, the martial status, the certificate types except the child rearing experience and the educational level. Fourth, the toddlers' characteristics were more significantly related to the behavior of them than those of child care centers' environment.

• The Journal of Economics, Marketing and Management
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.29-35
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• 2016

This study has focused on the transfer of infants and Toddlers-protecting responsibilities from families to infants and Toddlers education agencies due to an increase of a double-income family and nuclear family. It is because there is insufficient safe play space from the moment when infants and Toddlers return from infants and Toddlers education agencies to home due to a high crowding of housing and increase of vehicle, and there can be difficulties to take responsibilities of infants and Toddlers safety with a mere recognition and effort of parent. Thus, to suggest a safety education through mutual contact between the communities and agencies supporting parent role in a level of social welfare, its potential has been identified through a frequency analysis on 60 participants of experimental group who have trained a safety education and 60 participants of control group who have not trained a safety education. As a result of frequency analysis, the increase in safety condition in Korea, safety and development of infants and Toddlers, safety of play materials, and safety knowledge on general part of facility safety has detected and the practice of safety and safety consciousness has also identified to be more effective. The results of this study has shown a potential to verify its efficacy if it is verified through an elaborative model of safety education based on parents of young infants and Toddlers family.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.171-186
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• 1999

This study investigated behavior problems of toddlers in the day care setting and difficulties of the caregivers due to such behaviors. The subjects were 24 toddlers enrolled in two day care centers and 56 caregivers at day care centers in Seoul. Toddlers were observed and teachers filled out questionnaires. Analysis of the data by $x^2$ and correlations revealed the kind of behavior problems frequently shown by toddlers, sex differences, differences between centers, and the caregivers' points of view regarding the frequency and difficulties of such behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.25-42
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• 2000

To examine toddlers’adjustment in child care centers according to the quality of child care environment, the followings were asked; 1. Are toddlers’adjustment in child care centers different by toddlers’individual characterisitcs, caregiyer’s individual characteristics, and/or care center variabless\ulcorner 2. Are the quality of child care center different by caregiver’s individual characteristics and child care center variables\ulcorner 3. Are toddlers’adjustment in child care centers different according to the quality of child care center\ulcorner Forty caregivers and 108 toddlers in 40 child care centers in Inchon were randomly selected. After 2 hours of observation in each child care center, the quality of child care environment were rated using Infant/Toddler Environment Rating Scate(ITERS) by 2 observers and toddlers’adjustment in child care centers were rated by caregivers using the Preschool Adjustment Questionnaire(PAQ). Toddlers’adjustment in centers were different by toddlers’gender, caregiver’s age, caregiver’s educational level, group size, and the adult/child ratio. The quality of child care environment of child care centers was different by caregiver’s age, caregiver’s career level, the length of working time, group size, and the adult/child ratio. Finally, toddler’s adjustment in child care centers were significantly different by the quality of child care environment of child care centers.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.17-28
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• 2017

The objectives of this study were to assess food intake frequency and food behavior of infants and toddlers by using the Nutrition Quotient (NQ). A total of 368 subjects (infants 111, toddlers 257) in Ganghwa county were analyzed in this study. The NQ was examined using an NQ questionnaire, which consisted of 19 food behavior checklist items. The items were grouped into five categories: balance, diversity, moderation, regularity, and practice. All data were statistically analyzed by SPSS 20, and significant difference was evaluated by Student's t-test and $x^2-test$. The BMIs of infants and toddlers were $16.54kg/m^2$ and $16.01kg/m^2$, respectively. The frequencies of consumption of vegetables and fruits were higher (p<0.001) in girls and toddlers compared to boys and infants, respectively. Food behavior of meal regularity (p<0.001), breakfast eating (p<0.001), and chewing well (p<0.001) were also higher in toddlers compared to infants. Total NQ score of infants and toddlers were 62.05 and 64.91, respectively, which were within medium grade. The NQ score of toddlers was higher than that of infants (p<0.0.5). NQ score was positively correlated with parent's education, monthly income, age, and exercise. Therefore, children and their parents need proper nutrition education and counseling to correct their eating habits and improve their nutritional status.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.67-93
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• 2010

The purpose of the present study was to examine how 25~36-month-old toddlers' temperament, mother's rearing attitude, teacher interaction relates to their language abilities and to analyze the predictive power of these variables in predicting language ability. The subjects were 206 toddlers, 206 mothers and 38 class teachers at child care center in G metropolitan city. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis on SPSS program. The results of this study were as follow. First, there was a significant relationship between mother's rearing attitude, teacher interaction and toddlers language abilities. However, toddlers' temperament showed no significant correlations with toddlers language abilities. Second, teacher's positive attitude was the best predictor of toddlers language abilities. Toddlers' reactivity and mother's rational guidance were also predictors of toddlers' language abilities.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.87-95
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to survey toddlers' apparel brands in Korea for operation of pattern work rooms, pattern sizes and uses of bodies and measurements, and thereby, provide for some basic data useful to development of toddlers' apparel prototypes and production of bodies. For this study, 13 domestic brands were surveyed. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; As a result of surveying the pattern work rooms, it was found that 53.8% of the sample brands employed a director of pattern work room, while 38.5% of them did not employed any pattern director. 7.7% of the sample brands employed two pattern directors. Such findings suggests that pattern works for toddlers' apparels are neither specialized nor differentiated as for adults' apparels, and therefore, that apparel production is not efficient. In view of the body profiles, only six brands possessed some or other bodies produced in Japan. The average breast size of No. 3 body was found 51.7cm, waist 48.4cm and hip size was 53.7cm. According to National Standard Body Size Survey Report, average breast size of three-year-old toddlers is 51.2cm, The average waist size is 49.5cm, and the hip size is 52.6cm. All in all, our toddlers' sizes are slightly different from Japanese toddlers', and so, it is deemed necessary to produce the bodies for our toddlers' apparels. As a consequence of surveying the measurements used for pattern production, it was found that five brands of the sample brands were using some or other 'body measurements', and another five brands were body measurements and apparel ones in parallel. All the brands sampled were found using some or other 'apparel measurements'.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.267-285
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• 2005

This ethnography explored, the emergent writing and literacy of two-year-old children in classroom. The specific purpose of the study focuses on toddler's text appropriation from text environment and on social interaction between teachers and toddlers. The result showed that toddlers appropriated writing signs or words from their own text-environment and used it as the instrument for social interaction and communication. Specifically, they initiated social interaction by giving messages of their appropriated signs to adults as teachers, who were easily capable of communication. This led to all toddlers' involvement in message exchange in the classroom. Toddlers' marks of scribbles were also consisted of different kinds of lines and circles. Those marks have different meaning and. symbolic systems: drawing and writing graphics. Even though drawing and writing graphics developed as different symbol systems in toddlers' marks, each system helped to extend each other.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.196-204
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• 2019

Purpose: This study was conducted to determine the influence of ego-identity, parenting efficacy, and stress coping style on depression in mothers of toddlers. Methods: This was a cross-sectional, descriptive study. Data were collected from 164 mothers of toddlers, and analyzed using descriptive statistics, the t-test, analysis of variance, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS for Windows version 24.0. Results: The factors influencing depression in mothers of toddlers included ego-identity, economic status, and perceived health status. These variables explained 60.0% of depression in mothers of toddlers. Conclusion: Lower ego-identity was associated with more intense depression. Therefore, healthcare providers should develop intervention programs that can improve ego-identity to decrease depression among mothers of toddlers.